Growth Of Islamic Banking In The UK - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3750 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Islam is one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s three major monotheistic religions; the other two religions are Judaism and Christianity. All three religions are the same historical origins and have many familiar beliefs. The main principle of Islamic banking and finance are depend on Islamic laws known as Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah which mean (interest) (Riba) free. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Growth Of Islamic Banking In The UK" essay for you Create order Interest is strictly prohibited in Islam which means Muslim cannot receive or paid interest in any transaction in which money is exchange for money. The interest that you give in order to increase the wealth of the people does not increase in the sight of Allah and the Zakat that your pay in order to win Allahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approval, its payers do indeed increases their wealth. This is very powerful and superb statement of Holy Quran which shows that interest is .prohibited by Allah because interest only increases wealth of individual not the society. Islamic banking is a financial system which is base on Islamic Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah law and it is interest free financial system. The concept of Islamic banking is interest free banking because interest (Riba) is totally prohibited in Islam. The main belief of Islamic banking and finance is to discover the range of Islamic financial tools for investor and businesses that how they all collaborate without interest and what is the strategy behind all that and how the banks and financial institution encourage non- Muslims clients and offer them to use Islamic banking and finance system instead of conventional banking system. The adverse impacts of interest on the world economy in general and economies of developing countries in particularly entail that it could be the biggest threat for the developing economies and also believed by many renowned economists. it is estimated that US$ 200 billion funds managed by Islamic banking. The client of Islamic banking is not only in Muslim countries but also spreading in over Europe, northern Africa and United States of America. Islamic banking is growing day by day in different part of the world, thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why Islamic bankers, keeping speed with the stylish techniques and latest development have developed investment instruments that are both profitable and fairly motivated. Approximately 250 different Islamic and Financial institutions are operating worldwide. The growth of Islamic banking is a big threat to a conventional banking system not only in UK but also all over the world. Islamic banking system has six main features according to its product analysis. Interest free product It is Trade-related and there is a perceived genuine need for the funds. It is in purest form, it is equity related Meant to avoid exploitation no interest Invests ethically There are retail, and wholesale applications. In practice there appears to be more emphasis on the prohibition and restructuring of interest than on the potentially exploitative aspect of financing. Islamic banks operate on the basis of profit and not on paying and receiving interest. The banks can earn profit from these ways like trading leasing and by direct financing in Profit and Loss sharing contracts. The structure and conditions of these transactions must confirm to Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah and fulfil its objectives. This means that banks advance money for productive activities on the basis of profit sharing principles. LITERATURE REVIEW With the beginning of 21st century there is a radical change and the number of Islamic banks increased and their geographical spread grew exceptionally and 76 countries covering all continents. There are number of publications in Arabic and Urdu, one of the famous books of (Qureshi 1946) regarding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islam and Theory of interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in which he seem that the public health and education is responsibility of government as a social services. Islam is concerned with the problem of economic development, but treats this as an important part of a wider problem, that of total human development. The primary function of Islam is to guide human development on correct lines and in the right direction. It deals with all aspects economic development but always in the framework of total human development and never in a form divorced from this perspective (Al-Harran 1993) Gerrard and Cunninghamsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1997) study establishes that, in Singapore, where Muslims are in minority. The concept of Islamic banking system was not present amongst them in Muslim and non-Muslim. There are two different herd having two entirely different thoughts regarding movement of Islamic banking. For example when asked them, if Islamic bank could not make enough profit to share out among them in a period of one year so what they will do. Fifty two per cent of Muslims said they will prefer to continue their deposit with the movement of Islamic banking, and fifty six per cent non-Muslims said they will prefer to take out their money from Islamic banking. Since 1960s too much literature has been written on the topic of selection process of the banking system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Holstius and Kaynak (1995), Kaynak (1986),Laroche et al (1986) and the working paper of Chan (1989)Eroland El-Bdour (1989)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? evaluate the bank selection process in relation to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“conventionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. There were three very important principle in the banking process of selection for Muslims were: first the provision of a fast and efficient service second the speed of transaction and third friendliness of bank personnel and as regard the non-Muslims, the three most important bank selection principle were: first, friendliness of bank personnel, second the provision of a fast and efficient service and third, the reputation and image of the bank. An Islamic bank is a mediator and trust of other peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ money like all others conventional banks the only one important thing which distinguish the Islamic banking to conventional banking which is induce all customers share in the form of profit and loss. This difference introduces an element of mutuality in Islamic banking, making its depositors as customers with some ownership rights inherent within it. However in practice, Islamic banks hardly look different from its conventional counterpart in terms of organizational set-up (Dar and Presley, 2000). Tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and other undesirable business sectors are excluded from Islamic investment. Ahmad, Chapter 7 Economics of Islam (Ahmad 1952), he give the picture of Islamic bank on foundation of a joint stock company with limited liability. According to his plan a current account of depositors where no pre-agreed interest and dividend would be paid. He gave the concept of Current account where depositors could participate with their capital as a partner with bank and get higher dividend as compare to account holder profit. Siddiqi(1968) gave a pioneer model which provide brief outline of Islamic banking. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“His model depends on Mudarabah and Shirka (partnership or Musharakah as it is now usually called)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He divided the operation of Islamic banking into three different groups. Islamic bank will charge fees to provide any services for example commission or fixed charges. Foundation of financing in Islamic bank would be Mudarabah and partnership and services will be provided without any charges. According to his theory Islamic banking system is a feasible substitute of conventional banking system. Mohsin (1982) offered a new brief model of Islamic banking system in contemporary setting. His banking structure integrates the features of commercial, merchant, and development banks, mingle them in novel fashion. He include many non-banking services for example trust business, factoring, real estate and consultancy, as opinion that Islamic baking would be not stay alive with banking business alone. The arrival of Islamic Banking and Islamic Finance In accordance with the philosophy, culture and merit of Islam, the Islamic banking is describe as banking which is manage besides the conventional governance and risk management rules by the principle set down by Islamic Shariah. Interest free banking system is very fine perception that stands for with many banking instruments and operations, which keep away from interest. The ideology of the Islamic banking system is not only evading interest based transactions system which is proscribed in Islamic Shariah but also stay away from corrupt activities that contribute to accomplish the goals and objectives of an Islamic economy. First Islamic bank was established in 1963 in Egypt. The activities of this bank were interest free but it was secret project that made no references to Islam as the establishment in power at that time was aggressive to any form of Islamization. The real emerging started in 1970sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as result of oil industry boom in the Gulf States, which flashed the appearing of liquidity and the revival of religious wakefulness in the Muslim world. In 1975 Dubai Islamic Bank was established, was a private initiative and it was established by Arab businessman. In the beginning governments did not greet this effort because Islamic finance disagreed with their investments in World Bank to get higher interest rate. In 1980sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the first Islamic banks united to form the Islamic Development Bank seen as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“World bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of the Muslim world, that covering 56 Muslim world and contributes contribute Muslim economic thought. But the 9/11 brought too mu ch changes on world economy which changed the views of Arabs which and the rich Arabs withdrawing their investment from US $ accounts to be scared of having their accounts become frozen. All these scenarios created a great need of substitute of investment either in Middle East or in Europe, at the same time system was carrying out in the Middle East and its development was enhanced in Europe to fulfil the requirements of Muslim investors. In 1977-78 Pakistan started Islamic banking and financial system. Pakistan was one of the major Countries among those countries in the world that had been trying to apply completely interest free banking system. In June 1980 the modification was implemented in the legal framework of Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial and corporate system to authorize the issue of a new interest-free tools and modification were also created in the Banking Companies ordinance, 1962. The prohibition against usury (interest) was in the Quran take place on a number of times and pointed out interest and the proposal to ignore coddle in this action in Christianity and Judaism to involves its survival and the troubles that it carried for the society. The feudal lord who by virtue charging higher interest rate according to the historian and had power over those were anxious need to finance their survival. In the Old Testament (King James Version) Exodus, CHAPTER 22 M VERSES 25: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If you lend money to any of my people that is poor by theem thou shalt not be to him as anusure, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Lecitcus Chapter 25, verses 34-36: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“And if the brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay by thee; then thou shalt relieve him: yea though he be a stranger, or a sojourner, that he may live with thee.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Take thou no usuryof him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? In spite of the counsel beside this apply against the system offered. The contemporary financial technique be taught a tutorial from this spiritually guidance and fully struggled to implement a structure that was inadequate the level of usurious abuse. To build the market of debt based upon competition which encourage unfair nature of usury which was supposed to be decided by the forces of market vie each other. If we bring light to current scenario of global arena, we can easily realize that it is a development of the ancient feudal system and different countries facing the same dilemma as individual did prior as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“conventional Jewish lending system of the shylocks to the Indian feudal systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Actually Debt to GDP ratio is the vigorous gauge for the countries who burden debt. Islamic financial and banking system depend on the Islamic economy system and the success ratio of this system could be determine in such a way that conventional banks start their Islamic windows not only in Muslims countries but also in the non-Muslim countries where Muslims are not dominated. Some famous Western banks have Islamic subsidiaries as, Citibank, American Express, HSBC, ABN Amro, Bank of America, Standard Chartered, Commerz bank, Barclays, Dutch Bank, ANZ Grindlays, Royal Bank of Canada and many others banks in the world and this list of bank is raising day by day. On the other hand some countries such as Pakistan, Sudan and Iran adopted 100% Islamic banking and they are successful in banking system. It is fairly true that Islamic banking system is depend upon risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"sharing. The Islamic banks are involved in the practice of trading, leasing and various other modes of financing according to Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah compliant. If the Islamic banks are stable to get Halal income, depositors as well get stable and Halal income definitely. Interest (riba) is proscribed in Islam either getting or giving interest, despite of what reason the loans are composed and what the rates on which interest will be charged. This is the main opinion among Muslim scholars and all are agree on it that interest and riba is same thing. Amanah is placed to recognize the formation and deal out the financial services that are linked with the necessities of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Islamic banking has the same principle as conventional banking except that it operates in accordance with the Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah principles. The basic ideology of Islamic banking is the sharing of profit and loss and the proscription of Riba (Interest). Islamic banking has grown in the Muslim world and offer Islamic products and services to make sure that the procedure and practices of the bank abide by the sharpie principles. HSBC logged the Amana banking because to make it possible for the Muslims to bank in accordance to their values and beliefs and they do not want to lose their Muslim customers in Islamic countries as a result of the emergence of Islamic banking. Its headquarter is in the UAE and have regional representatives in the UK, US, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei have resources of HS BC group and HSBC Amanah distribute the financial resources that are according to the requirements of the Shariah (Islamic Law). The western media suggest that Islamic banking in its present form is a recent phenomenon; in fact the basic practices and principles date back to the early part of the seventh century. (Islamic finance A Euromoney publication 1997). According to Khalaf (2007) Due to the different believes in Muslims community Islamic banking facing deficient in affirmation of decisions. Shortage of scholars is a big and serious issue in Islamic banking system because managers are not qualified and trained to practices the Islamic finance (Iqbal, Ahmad and khan,1998). Islamic banking has not a big network in UK and Islamic bank of Britain has only eight branches in whole UK which is not enough to fulfil the requirement of Muslim customers. The opening of Islamic window in conventional bank is a big threat. Islamic banking needs to improve their services and keep priority of Islamic Sharia. Islamic banking has great opportunity to grow in UK. Because number of Muslims from different countries of world live in UK. Islamic banking is facing difficulties and challenges to growing in UK due to lack of understanding about Islamic banking in the customers and shortage of Islamic Scholars in UK. RESEARCH METHDOLOGY The Research Process Remenyi, Williams, Money and Swartz (2002:64-65), explains the research process as consisting of eight specific phases, namely: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reviewing the literature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Formalising a research question. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Establishing the methodology. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Collecting evidence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analysing the evidence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Developing conclusions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Understanding the limitations of the research. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Producing management guidelines or recommendations According to Hussey, J Hussey, R (1997:15), there are six fundamental stages in the research process, namely: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The identification of the research topic. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Definition of the research problem. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determine how the research is going to be conducted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Collection of the research data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analysis and interpretation of the research data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Writing up the dissertation or thesis. There will be two analysis methods that are used in this research. Factor analysis will be used reduce group and independent variables whereas logistic regression will be used to analyze the correlation between the categorical dependent variable with the independent variables found in the factor analysis. Primary data will be located for the purpose of analysis which will be further discussed in the collection of data section Analysis of Data The topic of my dissertation is The Growth of Islamic banking in UK as conventional finance, a look in to past, present and our hopes for the future. It is surprising to realize that how far and fast Islamic finance has come and how well it has managed to meet the challenges it faced in two decades. Islamic banking has worked reasonably well even in short history, but it always does face challenges. All of these challenges are technical in nature. The rapid growth of emerging market in developing countries is a very hopeful sign that with strong commitment in the next decade due to existing institutional and technical hindrances that may have hampered efficient operation of Islamic banking will be removed. The dissertation is based on the following research questions. What are the component of Islamic banking and how it works? Why all the arguments about the rate of interest in Islam? What make Islamic bank differ from a conventional bank? How much better working of Islamic finance in the views of customers in UK? Why the growing rate of Islamic finance is high as compare to other European countries? Customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfaction regarding Islamic banking system in UK? How Islamic finance as a substitute to conventional banking system in UK? Different prospects and threaten for Islamic banking system in UK? Aims and Objectives: Key aims and objectives were established, for accomplishing the project. They are thoroughly explained down below. Aims of research project are: To understand the basic principle of Islamic banking system. To discuss the role of Shariah board and its importance in Islamic banking. To describe the different financial contracts, which Islamic banking offers Objectives of the project are: To compare the major differences between Islamic and conventional banking system. To explore the problems faces by Islamic banking. To find out why the growing rate of Islamic finance is high as compare to other European countries To give recommendations for the acceptance of credit card and some other problems. Actually this study in groping in nature, therefore a review of peoples and bank Managers and sub-managers was appropriate method for data collections. The data collected by this method from UK and from individuals would mean that the data bring together is given that only estimation of entire population. A questionnaire was designed for the population to analyze the perceptions towards Islamic banking. Moreover the implication of this kind of exclusive study on this topic, there were numerous constraint. Primary Data From the informal interviews and from the Questionnaire survey together the primary data from the few important people from the banking industry are gathered. For this purpose information collected from senior management from HSBC and Islamic bank of Britain through emails telephonic and face to face interview. Questionnaire survey has been arranged amongst Muslims and non-Muslims population of UK. Secondary Data The information gathered for this dissertation has been mainly obtained from the secondary data, which includes books, journals, research material and websites. Limitations This result may not be indicative for the target respondents due to small sample size and limited time period. Due to limited knowledge of respondent or unawareness about Islamic banking, their replies shown their own imagination or thoughts. The data gathered from the respondents and from the country like United Kingdom where people have a limited knowledge of Islamic banking as against to the conventional banking even the Muslim of the country have an inadequate knowledge of the Islamic banking. Therefore the result about the Islamic banking should be taken only as analytical and perspective rather than decisive. The research will familiarize the readers with the principle of Islamic Sharia and provide an insight into the rules and principles of Islamic banking as well. In spite of the fact that Islamic banks are operating successfully along with the conventional banks and playing a significant role in the economy of the United Kingdom. Delimitations: This study is limited to the findings and evidences based on my research mainly to the responses of the organisation involved in the project. I am choosing not to observe multiple teams, even though such comparisons might be valuable, in order to allow more depth of understanding regarding the group on which I will focus.   Additionally,  I will not use structured interviews in order to minimise my obtrusiveness. Ethical considerations: I shall immediately report to my supervisor or my college if any difficulties encounters in complying with the ethical standards. In the final research report i shall describe how i complied with the ethical standards in carrying out the Project. The identity of individuals from whom information is obtained in the course of the Project shall be kept strictly confidential. At the conclusion of the Project, any information that reveals the identity of individuals who were subjects of research shall be destroyed unless the individual concerned has consented in writing to its inclusion beforehand. Plagiarism According to the definition given in the 1997 New Websters Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language, plagiarism is the unauthorized use of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as ones own (508). Pyper (2000) defines plagiarism as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“.. simply theft. It is taking the words, ideas and labour of other people and giving the impression that they are your own..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? To avoid plagiarism I will document the sources properly using Footnotes, Endnotes, or Parenthetical References, and i will write a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page and place it at the end of the research paper to list the sources used. I will credit another personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea, opinion or theory I will credit any facts, graphs, drawings, any pieces of information that are not common knowledge. I will credit whenever i use quotations of another personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actual spoken or written words or paraphrase of another personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spoken or written words. I will try to use my own words. I am not expecting to write as professionally as the authors of the books and journals which i am going to read so i will be confident enough to write my own ideas in my own words. I will Plan my assignments in good time, so i am not tempted to make shortcuts. Timetable: Task No. Task Date Task 1 Prepare proposal Feb 2011 Task 2 Complete literature review Feb 2011 Task 3 Complete research March 2011 Task 4 Complete collecting evidence March 2011 Task 5 Complete analysis April 2011 Task 6 Complete final report April 2011

Trade Agreements And The Trade Agreement Essay - 1601 Words

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Main Essay Free Essays

The Daily Mail quotes, â€Å"Protein drinks ‘are no help for athletes and aren’t better than a balanced diet’,† with The Independent also reporting that there is â€Å"no benefit from sports drinks†. However, does this affect the Protein sports drinks’ market? Clear Barrett writes In an article on The Financial Times saying that Omnipotent. Com, Rupee’s leading online sports nutrition retailer is forecast to generating earnings of EOM on annual turnover of MEME in the year 2011 from the sale of sports protein drinks and supplements, favored by bodybuilders and sports enthusiasts. We will write a custom essay sample on Main Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its sales are expected to reach EMMA this year. (Remuneration 2009) found that â€Å"Globally, the U. S is the largest market for sports nutrition supplements and represents 63% of the value. Mexico Is the second largest market with US $192 million In retail sales, followed closely by the united Kingdom with US SSL 72 million. Japan has a market size of US $87 million, while China and India have negligible sports nutrition retail sales. However, Authenticity and efficacy remain big challenges for the sports nutrition market. Remuneration, 2008) stated that â€Å"the global market for ports nutrition supplements was valued at US $4. 2 billion. The market experienced strong growth until 2008, then growth gradually declined due to a lack of consumer confidence In spending on discretionary products, as a result of the global recession. † Furthermore, recent research have Indicated that protein supplements are bad for your health and can be life threatening. The British Dietetic A ssociation (BAD) says â€Å"high levels of additional protein can cause side-effects, which can include nausea as well as kidney and liver damage. The BAD argues there is now evidence to show excess levels of additional protein taken over a long time can cause health problems. Jane Griffin speaking for the BAD concluded, â€Å"People who have these high protein diets are now running Into problems with their kidneys because of the amount of protein they must get rid of. † The information provided indicates that there was a decrease in demand in the market for sports protein drinks and can be conveyed in a supply and demand diagram. The first figure (1) is a rundown where value is determined by the market. The supply curve of a certain product as well as the demand curve of the same product is shown on the same axes. David King quotes â€Å"This Is where there Is no excess demand or excess supply, so that the quantity To summaries; â€Å"A demand curve shows the quantity that would be demanded at each price or wage, and a supply curve shows the quantity that would be supplied eat each price or wage. The price or wage will settle at its equilibrium level, which is the level at which the two curves intersect. † Figure (2) shows a shift in demand (to the left) for sports protein drinks. Because of the recession, globally protein drinks will be set at a price too high, even though the price does not change. Therefore, protein nutrition drinks will become less attractive for consumers, consequently forcing consumers to purchase less as the price is too high. A shift in the demand curve implies that the original demand curve has changed, meaning that the quantity demanded is affected by a factor other than price, in this case the global recession and awareness that protein drinks actually affect health and may be life threatening. To conclude, protein sports drink manufacturers would be forced to supply less for the same price. King quotes, â€Å"if demand decreases, buyers will demand a smaller annuity at each possible price. So the demand curve shifts left, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all fall. † Price* Quantity* Price Quantity However, historically, the users of protein nutrition products have been limited to bodybuilders and athletes, but this has now expanded to include recreational users and lifestyle users (Denominator 2006). Research in 2012 suggest that more teenagers are using muscle enhancing products, such as protein supplements, according to a study published in Pediatrics, a Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A CNN article by (Trash Henry) quotes, â€Å"Researchers found the number of teens reporting muscle enhancing behavior to be substantially higher than in previous years. Boys were more likely to report these behaviors, which included supplement use and consumption of protein shakes†, while Dry. Maria Ginsberg, the lead study author said â€Å"These behaviors are a little more common among young Dry. Nicholas Fletcher, an assistant professor of orthopedic declares that, â€Å"As their idols have increased in size they are continually pushed to get stronger, bigger and faster†¦ There is that trickle-down effect. From this, we can assume that the market for Protein sports drinks is indeed rising, due to teenagers working towards increasing their body mass and overall strength and striving to follow in the footsteps of their inspirational leaders. A BBC article done by Newsiest reporter (Kelsey) stated that Remuneration, whom researchers the market size of products, estimates that the sport supplement industry grew 15% last year. It estimated that one in five people who go to the gym more than twice a week use supplements that can come in the form of powders and bars. The information provided can assume that there is a cent increase in demand for sports protein drinks. Figure (3) below indicates that the quantity demanded for protein sports drink increased even though the price remained the same. A shift to the right for the demand curve depicts the quantity of demand for protein drinks rising. Again, a shift in the demand curve indicates that the original demand relationship has changed; meaning that quantity demand for protein sports drink is affected by something other than price. In this instance, demand for protein was increased because of protein nutrition products expanding ND targeted not only athletes and bodybuilders, but also children and regular gym attendees. David King quotes, â€Å"If demand increases, buyers will demand a higher quantity at each possible price. So the demand curve shifts right, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all rise. † To conclude, protein drinks will always be in demand as these products are used not only for sports use, but also widely used between regular gym attendees and children. However, the recent VAT increase implemented on sports nutrition drinks which has taken effect on the 1st October 2012 may cause the demand to slightly crease. References: King, D. (2012) Economics. POP Oxford Remuneration International. Lully 2009). How to cite Main Essay, Essays

Critical Cognitive Constructivism System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Critical Cognitive Constructivism System. Answer: Introduction: Psychology transformed into a recognized science in the last some bit of the nineteenth century and used to be portrayed as the specialty of mindfulness. "Behaviorism was, and is, a moment essentially in American minds science that rejected mindfulness as cerebrum research's subject and supplanted it with direct. Behaviorism was set up in the 1880s and continues progressing in the twentieth-first century and past (Montano and Kasprzyk 2015).Notwithstanding the way that behaviorism has been genuinely considered, behaviorists keep encountering trouble conceding to a definition for behaviorism and perceiving who the truthful behaviorists were. The production of The Behavioral Learning Theory Management by Watson in the year 1913 was responsible for the change towards behaviorism and far from functionalism (Funder 2015). The conveyance was an examination of an association among living things and their condition. Watson used Pavlov's disclosures on animal reactions to supports as the purpose behind his exertion. As an example, Pavlov enclosed a ringer when his canine would have been allowed. The ring of the toll made hiscanine to salivate, in light of the way that the canine had been formed to maintain starting at now (Sayed 2014). This lead achieved Pavlov expressing that canines had been adjusted to respond to outside jars. From this time forward, Pavlov assumed that individuals could moreover be shaped to respond to near jars. In support of his feelings, Pavlov showed how another melodic tone, which has never been consolidated with tolerating sustenance, could inspire practically identical direct in individuals. Watson mirrored Pavlov's examination disclosures in his embellishment investigate distinctive roads in regards to a child who he adjusted to fear a white rabbit by more than once mixing it with the boisterous blast of a metal bar (LeGros et al. 2015). The accustomed fear of child a about a white rabbit was so saturated in his direct that he wound up recognizably horrible of other white fluffy dissents, for instance, a Santa shroud and Watson's white. But most clinicians have agreed that cerebrum science is the examination of human lead, the primary specialists that view themselves as behaviorists today are the people who are lovers of Skinner (Jarius and Wildermann 2015). Skinner builds a considerable amount of his work in light of the examination of Watson's past research. Skinner also did wide research with animals, very rats and pigeons, and composed the prevalent Skinner box, in which a rat makes sense of how to press a lever in order to get sustenance. Along these lines, each time the rodent pushed the lever, the rodent got sustenance, which managed the lead. "The behaviorism of Watson and Skinner depends on upon a positive way to deal with oversee science, that is, a reductionist view in which all that can be tended to is the relationship between generous stuns and the remarkable relating response"(Zhao et al. 2016).Regardless, Skinner at last went to the affirmation that individuals go past essentially responding to the earth. He found that they furthermore react to the earth in light of related inclusions. It was being suggested that "examiners "made" behaviorism itself as an explanation behind speculative elucidations, desire, and testing" (Watson 2013). From its root, the term behaviorism gave an "introduction for sociology research that would permit control and estimation of each applicable variable by ignoring human thought or appreciation". Thusly, behaviorists were not energized by what may happen in individuals' psyches; they were as of late enthused about behavioral reactions. Thusly, these reactions were measured in relationship with test underpins (Lee 2016). Toward the day's end, behaviorists viewed this as a way for them to b e viewed as consistent in an unclear course from the hard sciences of science or material sciences are seen. By narrowing their fixation, the behaviorists suited more critical usage of real examination of test outcomes. Their objective was to accomplish a more noteworthy utilization of predictable methods for making more grounded hypotheses. Skinner in addition passed on that the cerebrum and mental structures are "blueprints and fictions," and that "direct" is a section of the "science" of the living thing. Skinner passed on no vitality for perceiving how the human character functioned. He was a behaviorist in the strictest sense as was John Watson (Staddon 2014). Both Skinner and Watson were starting late stressed with how lead is impacted by outside qualities. Skinner acknowledged that everything people do is controlled by their experience. Thusly, the "mind" (not the cerebrum) had nothing to do with how people acted.Besides, considerations, emotions, targets, mental system, and all such things have little impact to what people do. Skinner was known for progressing serious expressions concerning Watson's custom of being provocative and broken to get individuals' idea (Etmer and Newby 2013). The bona fide foundation of behaviorism in instructive progression can be found in an exhibiting machine worked by Skinner in 1958. Skinner's exhibiting machine was an emphasis and-bore machine where single lead was appeared as a book; the machine housed, showed up, and indicated revamp course. This indicates that the machine can be viewed as a kind of early movement which can be risen up out of today's chief illuminating programming (Skinner 2014). An event of how the Showing Machine was used is portrayed by Skinner (1958) as takes after: "In using the contraption the understudy proposes a numbered thing in an other choice test (Wanderson, Poppen and Ricks 2016).He presses the find standing out from his first decision of reply. In the event that he is correct, the contraption proceeds ahead to the going with thing; on the off chance that he isn't right, the goof is checked, and he should keep settling on decisions until he is right".Though fundamental Management, it is certainly not hard to see the resemblance between the exhibiting machine and endless illuminating programming programs. Like the exhibiting machine, computer programming proposed for understudies help to invigorate understudy coordinate. Skinner's hidden work and disclosures with the exhibiting machine can be related with current PC programs, they are on to a great degree crucial level the same. Skinner's indicating machine gives a relationship with today's moved world which can be summed up and delineated as the covered establishments of behaviorism. Robert Gagne's crucial work in light of behaviorism with remarkable thought being given to military plan. This considered demand, of enter and practice in the military is particularly what best in class instructional PC programs look like. In a web learning condition, behaviorism wires piecing enlightening endeavors into humbler instructional steps (Bjorklund and causey 2017).These more minor more sensible strides can then be emphasized with endless checking of understudy learning. The going up against a fundamental level of Constructivism advanced from the wide examination of mental change (i.e., how theory and learning make with age) by Swiss authority Jean Piaget and the Russian master Lev Vygotsky. Their examination of insightful progress gave the establishment to the mental hypothesis of constructivism. Constructivists accept that youngsters make information through one of a kind enthusiasm for their learning(Demetriou, Shayer and Efklides 2016).Regardless, Piaget assumed that subjective change was an aftereffect of the mind "fulfilled through observation and experimentation while Vygotsky considered it to be a social methodology, achieved through relationship with more took in people from the lifestyle". Piaget implied his part as "subjective" constructivism. Piaget's hypothesis was incorporated two basic parts "ages" and "stages." As per Piaget, "these portions help to expect what young people can and can't acknowledge at various ages (Mischel 2013)." It is the theory of progress that is the authentic establishment for subjective constructivist ways to deal with oversee teaching and learning. Piaget's theory of subjective movement recommended that people can't in this manner handle and utilize data that they have been given, since they have to "make" their own particular information through earlier individual encounters to draw in them to make mental pictures. Along these lines, the essential bit of the educator ought to be to drive the young people to make their own particular learning through their own encounters (Fosnot 2013). Vygotsky suggested his part as "social" constructivism. Vygotsky's hypothesis was on an extremely fundamental level the same as Piaget's suppositions about how kids learn, yet Vygotsky put more centrality on the social setting of learning. In Piaget's theory, the educator acknowledged a kept part however in Vygotsky's theory; the teacher expected a fundamental part in learning. Learning hones in constructivist settings are portrayed by intense engagement; request, essential considering, and joint effort with others. As opposed to a trader of information, the instructor is a guide, facilitator, and co-voyager who request that learners question, test, and plan their own particular thoughts, notions, and conclusions. "How constructivism is avoided and whether the learning methodology address individual and social masterminded qualities are issues that extension obliged thought amidst enlightening undertakings movement"( Reus-Smit 2013). Constructivism is more difficult to portray truly as there are different instructive systems that can be delineated as constructivist in nature Management. Two or three portrayals are activities where understudies learn by finding in isolation, to understudies working together with others and learning through this investment. Constructivist hypotheses, amassed the establishment for informative tasks format (Henson 2015). Hypermedia and mixed media are occurrences of online instructional techniques that are more constructivists in nature and have understood an accentuation on fundamental instinct for understudies. This is a fundamental run of the mill for the constructivism hypothesis, and however positive parts of Behaviorism in learning have made, there has been a steady push toward more Constructivist learning conditions including essential considering. The fundamental question is that learners enough develop their own particular information in light of their own encounters. This has understood an improvement in notoriety for the constructivist approach while using instructional degrees of progress. The utilization of keen issue based learning (PBL) is a case of the constructivist approach. Issue based learning (PBL) is one system which engages understudies to apply their insight to bona fide conditions and applications using internet learning (Henson 2015). A mental imbalance, autism, is a neurobiological formative issue that commonly shows up amid the initial 3 years of life. It is alluded to as a range issue, implying that the manifestations can happen in any blend and with fluctuating degrees of seriousness. Autism falls under the pervasive developmental disorders (Unit) classification in the Analytic and Measurable Manual of Mental Issue (symptomatic criteria 299.00). Under the Case or in autistic child, there are an assortment of subtypes. As per the DSM-IV, three center components of it must be available for a determination to be made: social debilitation, verbal or nonverbal hindrance, and dreary examples of conduct. Indent the whole definition like this. The intelligent model depends on Bruner's (1977) see that dialect is found out through social collaborations. Brunner (1977) clarified dialect advancement, and especially the dominance of pragmatics, as a component of the exchange and incessant social cooperation that happens amongst guardians and youngsters. As per the intelligent introduction of dialect improvement, this exchange and cooperation enable children to comprehend the way of dialect and its tenets of use (Schopler and Mesibov 2013).. Cases of intuitive techniques, for dialect preparing for the implementation based on the accidental instructing, peer-interceded intercession, pivotal response training (PRT), and milieu educating. The behavioral model, then again, depends on Skinner's (1957) views that dialect should be specifically molded and fortified. Skinner (1957) introduced his perspective of dialect advancement therefore of fortified reactions, first propelled by endorsement for verbalizations and later by regular results for the fitting utilization of dialect. Behavioral methodologies depend on the hypothesis of Skinner (1957) who thought learning is an improvement, and all conduct is found out. Utilizing affiliated learning and operant molding, behavioral reactions can be changed by positive and negative fortification. This approach was created on the hypothetical premise that people with an autism were thought to be unequipped for reacting to the ordinary condition since they had not educated the practices of normally creating kids. In this way, it was important for the natural contribution to be changed to condition behavioral reactions (Schopler and Mesibov 2013). Epistemology is an extent of soundness that audits ask for as for how we see what we know. As down to earth individuals endeavored for answering questions, they made solutionswhich are collected in various psychological schools. "These psychological schools are to some degree composed; they are simply names made endeavoring to demonstrate the similarities and separations among the many answers sober minded thinkers make". Four understood philosophical schools of acknowledged are vision, authenticity, quiet mindedness, and existentialism. Each of the as of now said theories has recommendations for planning. The confident individual is thought connected with rather than subject or tyke focused. Thusly, the certain individual tends to underline address, talk, and emulate. The pragmatist sees the teacher as a person who provides content in a powerful as well as cleared path. Modernpragmatists are behind state directed assessments, divided scrutinizing material, and specific informational activities for each plan. The quiet objected to brains stresses applying getting the hang ofutilizing examinations for essential considering. Realists and wistful individuals are most about related with the behaviorist's hypothesis of learning, since they have trust in a systematized informative modules focused on scholarly solicitations. Such individuals slant toward instructive a wander that is interdisciplinary, and th ey are, consequently, most almost associated with the constructivists' feelings about how understudies learn best. The start of the twentieth century exhibited the new school of behaviorism. Behavioral clinicians accepted that "single recognizable, quantifiable, outward lead is justifying keen request". Since there had each one of the stores of being a relationship between the impacts of support on learning, experts were thought to be connectionists mirroring the relationship among stun and reaction and trim. As it were, researchers trusted all understudies can take in a practically identical data given sensible condition. The most watched behaviorist of the time was B. F. Skinner who acknowledged that all learning was quantifiable through watching changed lead. As adroit audits at the highest point of the need list science "continued testing the relationship among lift and response (and set up and operant silliness), constrainments on the representations of traded direct developed a section inside behaviorism". The behaviorist learning theory set a highlight on the effects of outside conditions, for instance, prizes and educates in picking future practices of understudies. The behaviorist learning theory is focused for the most part on genuinely discernable practices and, along these lines, rebates mental activities. This approach accentuated the "securing of new lead". Behaviorists acknowledged that all direct is the conceivable aftereffect of an individual's responses to external lifts (operant trim). So to speak, behaviorists acknowledged that the outside condition added to the shaping of an individual's quick. Behaviorists moreover acknowledged that the earth set off a particular lead, and whether the direct happens again is poor upon how an individual is affected by the direct. In a school setting, instructors use positive and negative fortresses to either compensate or repel an understudy's quick. The behaviorist learning hypothesis relies on upon outward partners, for instance, assessments, prizes, and benefits, and what's more attestations and affirmations, as an approach to manage ensure the replication of the informed progression or lead. Teachers who took after the behaviorist learning speculation would indicate lesson focuses in a straight edge. Thusly, the teacher would give implications or signs to guide understudies to a pined for lead, and a short traverse later use results to fortify the pined for direct. Behaviorists begin by displaying lower-level subjective aptitudes. This is trailed by the working of more prominent total mental aptitudes. The issue with this kind of heading is that lessons rely on upon learning limits Management in isolation.Those who can't abstain from revoking the behaviorist speculation acknowledged that this theory disregard to consider the effect the cerebrum has over direct. In like manner, rather than combining understudies in dealing with issues, behaviorists use strategies for direct run (i.e., tending to and demonstrating limits in partition) and assess their learning in setting of their responses to request on oral or made tests. By greatness of electronic taking in the external condition is not a liberal space, for instance, the physical classroom, regardless one that must be animated and kept up in the web by online instructors. Distinctive educators don't feel an outside online condition can give a comparative level of impact to understudy finding that is possible in eye to eye classrooms. From the behaviorists' edge, the web does not consider the instructor to develop a relationship to a colossal degree that is possible with close courses. In any case, there are new changes that are considering better synchronous correspondence. These advances connect with teachers to give prizes and info relentlessly. Teachers and understudies, who are endeavored by made online correspondence, may find that this kind of synchronous online correspondence may help them to structure this opening. "In the wake of being the mind-boggling perspective in American cerebrum science for a couple of decades, behaviorism was overpowered by a get-together of research results that yielded fanciful notions revealing its necessities as a general record of mental working". As the field of mind science continued moving, examiners begun to reject behaviorism and sweep for ways to deal with oversee see subjective procedures in taught rehearses. This impelled the advance of the field of mental science, which "joins the examination of considering, acumen, feeling, imagination, vernacular, care and learning". Constructivism "is the technique for thinking, or conviction, that learners make their own particular data in light of correspondences with their condition entwining their arranged attempts with different people". Constructivists grasp learning as an interpretive, recursive, building process by novel learners interrelating with the physical and social world. Constructivism has been shown feasible in helping teachers stuck in a tragic circumstance of upgrading understudy achievement. "Bearing the part as 'guide as a cumbersome thought' obliges teachers to stray from the stage, surrender some of their centrality, and release the course books to draw in their understudies to be adequately pulled in and recognize some dedication of their own learning" (Kolb 2014). Moreover, constructivism unites developing the understudy as a learner through satisfying learning, experimentation, and open-completed issues in which understudies take in segregation through proficient support with examinations and gages. Teachers, who use constructivist hypothesis, concentrate on demonstrating understudies significance and importance in what they are understanding it. For example, in the constructivist classroom teachers would pose in each reasonable sense complex and genuinely crucial issues for understudies to appreciate (Steffe and Ulrich 2014). Understudies would then work in satisfying parties to examine possible answers, develop a thing, considering, and manipulative are segments that grip the constructivist lighting up considering". Educators who utilize the constructivist speculation of learning on the web can give exposure learning and moreover pivotal nature practices through hung talks and what's more issue based recognizing winds. These are activities that ought to be conceivable non-simultaneously yet can be an all the more competent learning information when done synchronously and pleasingly with various understudies and also teacher. These sorts of change require online teachers to understand the cyberworld with the veritable focus for prompt be effective. Apparently, the utilization of mental speculations to get ready was not strong. It was credited for starting the constructivist change. Truly, the entire impulse aptitudes change started all around with Dewey's work."The three central learning speculations that supposedly was most essential in the plan of the learning configuration model were those in light of behaviorism, knowledge and constructivism (counting both socio-constructivism and total constructivism)" (VijayaKumari 2014). The behavioral hypothesis has impacted informational activities change for a long time. Behaviorists view making sense of how as a philosophy those outcomes from the affiliations created utilizing a stuns reaction relationship, and the yearning to learn is thought to be driven by these connections. Moreover, the behavioral theory concentrates principally on decently and recognizable practices. Enlightening modules for the constructivist learning model are required to effectively interface with the understudies in their learning. The finding that happens for understudies is viewed as an inside academic improvement where understudies are permitted to build information (models) from their classroom encounter. The teacher's part is to stimulate and compose significance, rather than direct a delineation. It was being created that a constructivism planned instructional structure to cross any prevention among hypothesis and practice. This structure proposed a social affair of heuristic instructional strategies that engaged understudies' free change of different classes of inte lligible learning. Constructivism lifts understanding how to be a dynamic framework in which learners make new considerations in light of earlier information. Learners select and handle data through building theories, basic organization, and giving criticalness and relationship to encounters. Honest to goodness instructional structures should be confined to stimulate understudy learning of illustrative and procedural information through constructivist teaching technique (Taylor 2014). Behaviorists accepted that centrality exists on the planet isolate from individual experience. Each instructional objective is bound particularly, behavioral, and detectable terms. In this approach, the instructor is the gathering of the introduction and affiliation. Educators work with the individual understudies when they require additional offer support. The understudy's part is to ingest instructional introductions and material, and utilize them to make indicates which display accomplishment of right mental models. Created assignments are especially connected with the learning goals. There is immaterial or no accomplice talks in this model of direct run the show. Examination and evaluation depend on upon individual tests and shows to show transcendence of substances, exercises, and techniques. Different parts of behaviorism have affected the change of essential instructional types of progress. Examples of behaviorism in web based bearing are instructive programming and PC ruled. Bore and practice instructional exercises are wanted to alter. Current behaviorists expect that understudies learn by recalling bits of data before greater total, issue based learning can happen. It was being accepted that a lot of today's educational activities concentrates on these reviewed bits of data and finishes behaviorist practices are 'in the not too distant past imperative in today's digitized world. "The Conditions of Learning" mirroring the behaviorist method for instinct was made by Gagne who saw five groupings of learning. These classes were verbal data, scholastic aptitudes, insightful frameworks, points of view, and engine limits. As appeared by Gagne, contrasting inward and outside conditions are fundamental for every sort of learning. For instance, for Constructivist learning, approachs to be told, there must be an opportunity to wear down growing new reactions for issues; to learn states of mind, the learner must be shown to a honest to goodness average case or in fluencing debate. While exploring the effect of constructivism on instructional course of action, an imperative bit of the examination was credited to the work of Dewey, Piaget and Vygotsky. The general theory of these constructivists holds that learners propel centrality on the world, subsequently create their own specific perception in light of their remarkable encounters. Every single instructional objective are hovered in experiential terms choosing the sorts of learner issues watched out for; the sorts of control learner's activity over the learning condition; the exercises in which they draw in and the ways those exercises could be shaped by pioneers or instructors; and the courses in which learners consider the consequences of their improvement together. Cases of constructivism can be found in different instructional game-plans. While trying to arrange a genuine adult learning theory it was being made a speculation to address the necessities of the adult learner. Knowles named the instructional layout "andragogy". Knowles' speculation of andragogy is an attempt to develop a hypothesis especially for adult learning. Knowles underlined that adults are independent and might need to recognize responsibility for decisions. In the field of autism, discussion about the ideal approach to show dialect depends on one's hypothesis about how dialect creates. Methodologies for showing dialect and correspondence for the most part fall under behavioral methodologies or formative intuitive methodologies. Straight expertise preparing is prescribed by the behavioral approach, in view of Skinner's work. Formative intelligent methodologies depend on Bruner's (1977) interactionist introduction and suggest the utilization of normal social connections and social good examples, which regularly happens as exchange and collaboration 24 amongst guardians and youngsters. It is trusted that kids will figure out how to comprehend the way of dialect and its tenets and application along these lines. Andragogy makes the running with suppositions about the configuration of taking in: (a) Grown-ups need to know why they need to get something; (b) Grown-ups need to learn experientially; (c) Grown-ups approach learning as fundamental considering; and (d) Grown-ups learn best when the fact of the matter is of enthusiastic regard. With the making commonness of online taking in, a making supplement on joining the constructivist approach, while executing instructional movements exists. A few events of how to make this move is to move our focus from the outline of programming packs (which act solely as storerooms of information) to a vigilant issue based condition in which the understudy is secured to recognize obligation of his or her own specific learning. The making of these rich learning conditions will entwine totally dealt with courses complete with works, reference sources, sight and sound and correspondence. Learning, if great out-dated, offers relevance to the learner, and is a "fundamental shock of data progress" (Landini, brites and Rebole 2017).Constructivist norms have a place in today's informational practices, as veritable constructivist learning conditions empower understudies to use their essential utilization of learning. There is clearly a requirement for this learning and what's more accentuation upkeep, as a great deal of what understudies will do as adults depends vivaciously on significant applications (Sink 2014). Behaviorism and constructivism keep being basic nowadays of online rule, Suggestions for electronic learning should be settled so that profitable regular applications can be seen and acknowledged to truly affect learning (Jong 2015). The utilization of improvement in online courses has a little bit at a time moved the theoretical change from behaviorism to constructivism because of the augmented utilization of instructive advances. All the more reliably educators are using a blend of these two learning styles with a genuine goal to best meet the learning styles for all understudies. In system, there discharges an impression of being a hypothetical move if all else fails from behaviorist learning practices to constructivist learning hones identified with the amplified utilization of illuminating movements, and beginning from the way that different open advances fortify constructivist learning stages. Regardless, there are so far many learning rehearses that thought on more behaviorist learning structures, and there are clashes in support of their credibility also (Sidney 2015). The present learning philosophy with the most support is to a more conspicuous degree a mixing of the two hypotheses, since they can be utilized as a bit of conjunction while using educational advancement. There are various variables to be considered while picking which hypothesis is all the more genuine specifically manages, including informational undertakings, evaluation, and assets. Despite the path that there is inside and out a push toward more constructivist learning hones or a mixing of the two learning hypotheses, the street ahead in picking undeniably what ought to be finished by instructors still remains cloud. There are different essential sections required near to difficulties to both theories. In any case, it is conceivable that these cases might be examined yet solidified in a gathering of courses with no institutionalization (Kwan and Wong 2015). There are such a combination of variables fused that this sensible trade appears to tumble to the decision of individual instructors, and may, truly, proceed with thusly as educators look toward the unavoidable predetermination of edifying advancement coordination. Reference list Bjorklund, D.F. and Causey, K.B., 2017. Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences. SAGE Publications. Demetriou, A., Shayer, M. and Efklides, A. eds., 2016. Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development: Implications and Applications for Education. Routledge. Doolittle, P.E., 2014. Complex Constructivism: A Theoretical Model of Complexity and Cognition. International Journal of teaching and learning in higher education, 26(3), pp.485-498. Duffy, T.M. and Jonassen, D.H. eds., 2013.Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Routledge. Ertmer, P.A. and Newby, T.J., 2013. Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 26(2), pp.43-71. Fosnot, C.T., 2013. Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice. Teachers College Press. Funder, D.C., 2015. The Personality Puzzle: Seventh International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Henson, K.T., 2015. Curriculum planning: Integrating multiculturalism, constructivism, and education reform. Waveland Press. Jarius, S. and Wildemann, B., 2015. And Pavlov still rings a bell: summarising the evidence for the use of a bell in Pavlov's iconic experiments on classical conditioning. Journal of neurology, 262(9), pp.2177-2178. Jong, M.S., 2015. Teachers' concerns about adopting constructivist online game?based learning in formal curriculum teaching: The VISOLE experience. British Journal of Educational Technology. Kolb, D.A., 2014. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Kwan, Y.W. and Wong, A.F., 2015. Effects of the constructivist learning environment on students critical thinking ability: Cognitive and motivational variables as mediators. International Journal of Educational Research, 70, pp.68-79. Landini, F., Brites, W. and y Rebol, M.I.M., 2017. Towards a new paradigm for rural extensionists in-service training.Journal of Rural Studies,51, pp.158-167. Lee, V.L., 2016. Beyond behaviorism. Routledge. LeGros, T.A., Amerongen, H.M., Cooley, J.H. and Schloss, E.P., 2015. Using learning theory, interprofessional facilitation competencies, and behavioral indicators to evaluate facilitator training. Journal of interprofessional care, 29(6), pp.596-602. Mischel, T. ed., 2013. Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press. Montano, D.E. and Kasprzyk, D., 2015. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. Health behavior: Theory, research and practice. O'Donnell, A.M. and King, A. eds., 2014. Cognitive perspectives on peer learning. Routledge. Reus-Smit, C., 2013. Constructivism. Sayed, A.H., 2014. Adaptation, learning, and optimization over networks. Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, 7(4-5), pp.311-801. Schopler, E. and Mesibov, G.B. eds., 2013.Learning and cognition in autism. Springer Science Business Media. Sidney, P.F., 2015. Evaluating a Behaviorist and Constructivist Learning Theory for 21st Century Learners. Sink, D.L., 2014. Design models and learning theories for adults.American Society for Training and Development. Skinner, B.F., 2014. Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis (Vol. 3). BF Skinner Foundation. Staddon, J., 2014. The new behaviorism. Psychology Press. Steffe, L.P. and Ulrich, C., 2014. Constructivist teaching experiment. In Encyclopedia of mathematics education (pp. 102-109). Springer Netherlands. Taylor, P.C., 2014. Cognitive constructivism; Critical constructivism; Personal constructivism; Radical constructivism; Social constructivism. VijayaKumari, S.N., 2014. Constructivist Approach to Teacher Education: An Integrative Model for Reflective Teaching. Journal on Educational Psychology, 7(4), pp.31-40. Wandersman, A., Poppen, P.J. and Ricks, D.F. eds., 2016. Humanism and behaviorism: Dialogue and growth. Elsevier. Watson, J.B., 2013. Behaviorism. Read Books Ltd. Zhao, S., Fatema, C.N., Zhao, J. and Nan, G., 2016. Advanced Molecular Imaging for Exploring Classical Conditioning and Extinction. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, pp.jnumed-116.