Domestic violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Domestic violence - Essay Example It is important to note that there has been a wide spread outcry from the public as well as the leaders on the status of domestic violence in the societies. The trend of the domestic violence in the homes has also been noted to be on the increase. On the contrary, there have been significantly little measures that have been put forward for the management of the cases. The program will have its aims at encouraging the present two-way police training awareness. This will be carried out in conjunction with the on-going debates on the. Subsequently, there exist four on-going projects on the PAHT projects across the state. The program shall be developed with regard to the current finding on the various studies that have been carried out. Some of the studies that shall be taken into consideration are like the Domestic Violence as observed in the child protection systems. Domestic Violence actions and resources and also the Aboriginal as well as the Torres straits islander women’s taskforce on violence report, 2010. On the other hand, the program that is intended to carry out the initiative is well developed with a board of members that is elected on annual basis. Additionally, there are various trained councillors who are always available, but seemingly the number has been way too down for the cases that have been received, hence the need of training more volunteers. The project will be committed on focusing on its objectives as have been described; which is majorly dealing with the elimination of domestic violence in the state. The initiative will have the sole responsibility of taking into consideration of the plight of the women and children who might be victims of domestic violence. As such, the project can be described to have two major components; communal outreach and perpetrator rehabilitation. On the other hand, the services that shall be geared towards the communal outreach shall be responsible for

HIV Vaccines Essay Example for Free

HIV Vaccines Essay A vaccine is a biological preparation intended to improve an individual’s immunity to a specific illness or disease. Most vaccines are composed of weakened or killed forms of an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. A typically safe version of the pathogen, which is unable to cause the disease, is then produced by the altered or inactivated state. Once the vaccine is administered into the blood stream, the agent is recognized as a foreign body, which then triggers the process of active immunity, which in turn builds up antibodies to fight this particular pathogen (Wisegeek). Vaccination is intended to provide protection so that if the body comes in contact with the same type of disease in the future, the immune system will already have memory antibodies to fight the disease before symptoms occur. Since the introduction of vaccines for illness causing pathogens, diseases such as measles, polio and the common flu have greatly decreased in occurrence. With that being said, not all vaccines have been proven to be safe or effective. One virus that does not yet have an effective preventative vaccine is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the human immune system. Transmission of the virus can occur in many different ways; through contact of infected secretions of one person with the genital, oral, or rectal mucous membranes of another person. HIV can also be transmitted through blood and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or through breast milk (Healthmagic, 2010). The virus is characterized by its two glycoproteins: gp120 and gp41. The larger of the two glycoroteins is gp120, this molecule is the primary site of attachment to CD4 receptors of the host cell and while also triggering inflammation when shed into the blood. Gp41 promotes fusion to a target cell while remaining on the cytoplasmic membrane. HIV infects four types of cells: helper T cells, macrophages, smooth muscle cells and dendritic cells. Attachment and entry of HIV into T cells and macrophages occurs in three steps. In the first step, gp120 binds to the CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) molecules on a host cell; forming a complex known as gp120-CD4 complex. Second, this complex binds to a chemokine receptor, which removes gp120 from the virion. This process if finalized when the virion binds to a cell. Once bound to a cell, the virion’s envelope contacts and fuses with the cytoplasmic reticulum through the medium of the gp41. The HIV capsid then gets insinuated into the cytoplasm; however its covering of gp41 gets left behind and becomes part of the cells cytoplasmic membrane. With gp41 remaining on the cytoplasmic membrane, it is then able to fuse with over 500 cells to form a syncytium, which is a giant cell with multiple nuclei. This fusion is very dangerous because it allows HIV to move from cell to cell without being exposed to any antibodies that are in the blood. During synthesis, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, transcribes the double stranded DNA using TRNA as a primer in the cytoplasm. Reverse transcriptase is prone to making a lot of errors during this process which generates an abundance of new antigenic variations of HIV. The double stranded DNA then enters the nucleus and is inserted into a chromosome by the enzyme integrase. Once the double stranded DNA is integrated into the cellular DNA it remains a part of it for life. Once the newly infected double stranded DNA is integrated into the chromosome, it cannot be changed or counter acted. However, there are various therapeutic vaccines to help regulate the virus (Bauman, 2011). Therapeutic vaccines are designed to help treat people who are HIV positive by controlling the virus. Those who are infected with HIV and live with it for an extended period of time, start to develop antibodies on a specific part of the glycoprotein 120, which is in charge of initiating the activation of HIV. This antibody, C5, is known to be crucial in producing certain antibodies that are able to control HIV by regulating its hyper action that destroys the human immune system. However, induction of these antibodies cannot occur unless GP120 is at the surface of the virus. In order for gp120 to be at the surface of the virus, gp41 and the antibody C5 must fuse. This is a process that is unable to occur on its own (Bionor Pharma, 2010). The therapeutic vaccine Vacc-C5, invented by Bionor Immuno, is an antibody-mediated vaccine that binds C5 and gp41 together so that the antibodies from C5 can be effective and help regulate the virus. A preventative vaccine is designed to prevent individuals from getting HIV. Over the recent years there have been many studies and attempts to create an effective vaccine to prevent HIV but unfortunately none have been proven to be successful. A good example of a preventative vaccine, that had hopeful prospects, is the AIDSVAX vaccine developed by Philip Berman. AIDSVAX is composed of a synthetic version of the glycoprotein 120, a part of the HIV’s envelope, which the virus uses as a mechanism to latch onto and enter the cell. This version of gp120 was meant to stimulate the production of antibodies against strains of HIV that it resembles, giving immunity to the strain of HIV. However, this vaccine was proven ineffective after the clinical trials. Near the part of the gp120 that attaches to the cell, there is a chain of a specific sequence of amino acids called the V3loop. The V3loop is the most variable part of the glycoprotein and in order for an envelope vaccine to produce an antibody response; it has to be against the exact strain of the virus (Brian Deer). HIV is a virus that has many different strains and is also constantly going under mutations within replication therefore preventing the AIDSVAX vaccine from halting the infection of the virus. The development of vaccines against HIV has not yet reached a point of success. HIV is a virus that has many characteristics that make it highly difficult to prevent and treat. HIV is capable surpassing immune response because of its ability of generating many antigenic variants; due to it being so highly mutable. Also, not only does HIV attack the various cells in the body that combat infections in the immune system but it can also spread through syncytia via formation by gp41, evading detection from immune defence all together. Vaccine development is still an important tool in healthcare because there are still millions of people who currently live with the disease and many who are at a high risk of contracting it. However, even with the many developments in medical research, the production of vaccines is still a costly procedure which also presents ethical and medical problems. In the meantime, the spread of infection must be slowed through the increase of awareness and availability, of information on the risks of contracting the disease. In order to avoid contraction, Health Care Providers must provide the public with information about safer practices, such as; safe sex and the proper use of sterile needles and syringes for injections. They can also promote proper blood screening procedures and spread information on medications, therapeutic vaccines and other ways an individual who already has HIV can prevent the spread of the virus as well.

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein - Bilbos Noblest Moment :: essays research papers

Bilbo’s noblest moment in The Hobbit, a fantasy book by J. R. R. Tolkien, is when he gives up the Arkenstone, a precious jewel. He is commended by some for his graciousness of giving away such a treasure, for everyone was rushing to try to get it for themselves. Yet, Bilbo gave the stone to the Elvenking and went against of his friends to attempt to protect lives. This is especially noble since no one else could have achieved this action and been trusted. It revealed supreme generosity from Bilbo.Bilbo feels that it is essential to settle all the disputes which is why he concludes that giving up the Arkenstone would be the best alternative. A war was beginning because the elves and men wanted their fair share of the treasure since they killed Smaug, the dragon who stole the fortune from the dwarfs hundreds of years ago. Maybe, the elves and men could bargain with the Arkenstone which is the heart of Thorin. Thorin treasures it above anything else in the world, and all other riches do not even compare to the Arkenstone. Bilbo figures that this may be the only performance that could save lives, and he wants to achieve that objective. Even though the stone does not rightly belong to him, Bilbo gives away the stone away out of the goodness of his heart. Consequently, Bilbo has many justifications for presenting the Elvenking with the Arkenstone.Since Bilbo was so gracious for giving up the Arkenstone, no other character would have been able to do that achievement. One part that had an immense role is the Elvenking having trust in Bilbo. If a dwarf would have wanted to give the elves something, most likely, they would not have trusted the dwarf. This is because the dwarfs were the ones who were not giving them their share of the riches. Bilbo has and advantage for not being like the dwarfs. So, the elves had more faith in Bilbo for being a hobbit. Probably, the dwarfs would have been greedy and kept the Arkenstone for their own anyway. All they want is the riches, and they do not care about anyone but themselves. In fact, when they were in the tunnels with the goblins, the dwarfs did not even notice when Bilbo became lost, and they were about to go on without him. Also, they always relied on Bilbo to get them out of trouble.

Norma Fox Mazer :: Biography Biographies Essays

Norma Fox Mazer      Ã‚  Ã‚   There are, and have been, many great authors. One of my favorite authors is Norma Fox Mazer. I have had a few teachers recommend this author to me, so I decided to read her books. They are entertaining. I like Norma's books because she writes about things that happen in people's lives, such as divorce and boy/girl problems. Her books are exciting, and make you want to keep reading. I have read a couple of books by Norma, including Good Night, Maman. It is historical fiction, and about a Jewish girl who is taken from her mother, and travels to Fort Ontario in Oswego, New York. It is an excellent book because it is fun to read about Oswego's past. Another book I am reading is A, My Name is Ami, which is enjoyable so far. Norma is a great author, and writes about realistic, but exciting subjects.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Norma Fox Mazer is an interesting person. She was born on May 15, 1931 in New York City. Her family was Jewish, but as an adult she does not follow the Jewish religion. Norma grew up in Glen Falls, New York, and lived at the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. Norma had a good childhood; she went to school, loved to read, and played the violin, then the bass fiddle, and finally the clarinet. She also had a very vivid imagination.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Norma's family life was supportive. She had a mother, Jean (Garlen) Fox, a father, Michael Fox, and three sisters. Norma was the middle child. Norma's dad was a route deliverer, delivering milk, bread, and other household items. Her mom was a saleslady. Farther up the family tree were Norma's grandparents. They were Jewish immigrants from Poland, and owned a bakery. Norma remembers doing many things with her family, such as going to the candy store, the family listening to their mother tell stories, the rhubarb that the family grew outside, and the cold winters with King of the Hill and skating. Norma's family lived in many different apartments, but all the moving did not ruin her education.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Norma Fox, which was her maiden name, had a good education. As a child, she went to elementary school.

Moral Development

The elementary years can be considered as a crucial point when it comes to the character formation of a person. This is where he faces new things; knowledge and information that could greatly affect his life in the future. This is the time in the child’s life where he or she develops a concept about what’s good or bad. Because of this, adult intervention is necessary; parents as well as teachers should do their best in supervising every step of development their children undergoes. In Kohlberg’s theory, the time when children enter elementary school is his second in three broad levels of moral development (Boeree, 2003). This is the conventional morality level, wherein the definition of right and wrong would usually depend on â€Å"what the people would say† (Colman, 2001). This part is what requires most adult attention, since they are the ones the children look up to, being the basis of what they would follow in the future. This stage is further divided into two sub-stages. The first stage is the good boy/good girl stage, wherein children try to live up to what others expect them to be, as well as seek their approval in everything they do. It is important for adults to show them the â€Å"right things† because everything they do becomes a basis of the children’s actions. Another sub-stage is the law and order stage, where children now takes a perspective that involves the social system as well, taking into consideration the rules and laws of the society they are living in, as well as the authorities they have to follow. At these elementary years, we can address the teaching of moral development in schools by devising or structuring out what should be taught to these children (Nucci, 2002). At this stage, they should be already provided with the basic laws and regulations that they should follow as a â€Å"good citizen†. These could start by introducing the school laws and regulations and relating it to the laws of the society. Another concern also would be about their teacher. These children’s teacher should be a model they could look up to as a person, so that their concept of conventional morality would depend on what their teachers show them. References: Boeree, C. G. (2003). Moral Development.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsymoraldev.html Colman, A. M. (2001). Conventional Morality. In A Dictionary of Psychology: Oxford University Press. Nucci, L. (2002). Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/overview.html       Moral development According to the Social Learning Theory, our moral behavior is shaped by the reinforcement and punishment stimuli through the process of learning. It means that if a child was punished in the past for a certain behavior and is faced with such a situation again, he/she will avoid this behavior. As a social being, a person lives within a group or a community and â€Å"tends to perform actions and behave in a manner conducive to community approval†. The greatest criticism of this theory is that â€Å"it does not provide a proper overall personality assessment†. â€Å"It focuses more on the factors perceived as negative by the learner – it does not account for what may be considered positive.† (Social Learning Theory) According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, â€Å"there are six identifiable stages of moral development† which could be classified into three levels. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) The pre-conventional level. In stage 1, â€Å"people behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to do so by some authority figure†. â€Å"This obedience is compelled by the threat or application of punishment.† Stage 2 â€Å"is characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in one’s own best interests†. (Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development) The conventional level. In stage 3 individuals â€Å"seek approval from other people’. Stage 4 is â€Å"oriented to abiding by the law and responding to the obligations of duty†. (Barger, Robert N. A) The post-conventional level. Stage 5 is â€Å"an understanding of social mutuality and a genuine interest in the welfare of others.† Stage 6 is â€Å"based on respect for universal principles and the demands of individual conscience.† (Barger, Robert N. A) It appears that people rarely reach stage 6 of this model and Kohlberg â€Å"had difficulty finding participants who use it†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) â€Å"One criticism of Kohlberg’s theory is that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values† and â€Å"may not adequately address the arguments of people who value other moral aspects of actions.† Carol Gilligan has argued that the theory is â€Å"male-centric† and â€Å"did not adequately describe the concerns of women†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) Kohlberg claimed his  six stages are cultural-universal. Simpson (1974) argues that â€Å"Kohlberg’s interview employs analytic and theoretical modes of thought and language such as â€Å"justice, equality and reciprocity at a high level of abstraction† which are not valued by many cultures†. According to Bergling (1981), Kohlberg’s stages 1 – 4 are â€Å"empirically supported in western industrialized countries but findings from the Bahamas and British Honduras fail to support even a stage 4†. (Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cro ss-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development) BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development, (August, 23 2005) 2. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development,   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg's_stages_of_moral_development (August, 23 2005) 3. Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cross-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development, http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:LAHMEA0UqdAJ:sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/33/3300251.pdf+weak+points+in+Kohlberg%60s+moral+development+theory+&hl=uk (August, 23 2005) 4. Social Learning Theory, http://www.termpapergenie.com/SocialLearningTheory.html (August, 24 2005)                Moral development According to the Social Learning Theory, our moral behavior is shaped by the reinforcement and punishment stimuli through the process of learning. It means that if a child was punished in the past for a certain behavior and is faced with such a situation again, he/she will avoid this behavior. As a social being, a person lives within a group or a community and â€Å"tends to perform actions and behave in a manner conducive to community approval†. The greatest criticism of this theory is that â€Å"it does not provide a proper overall personality assessment†. â€Å"It focuses more on the factors perceived as negative by the learner – it does not account for what may be considered positive.† (Social Learning Theory) According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, â€Å"there are six identifiable stages of moral development† which could be classified into three levels. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) The pre-conventional level. In stage 1, â€Å"people behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to do so by some authority figure†. â€Å"This obedience is compelled by the threat or application of punishment.† Stage 2 â€Å"is characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in one’s own best interests†. (Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development) The conventional level. In stage 3 individuals â€Å"seek approval from other people’. Stage 4 is â€Å"oriented to abiding by the law and responding to the obligations of duty†. (Barger, Robert N. A) The post-conventional level. Stage 5 is â€Å"an understanding of social mutuality and a genuine interest in the welfare of others.† Stage 6 is â€Å"based on respect for universal principles and the demands of individual conscience.† (Barger, Robert N. A) It appears that people rarely reach stage 6 of this model and Kohlberg â€Å"had difficulty finding participants who use it†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) â€Å"One criticism of Kohlberg’s theory is that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values† and â€Å"may not adequately address the arguments of people who value other moral aspects of actions.† Carol Gilligan has argued that the theory is â€Å"male-centric† and â€Å"did not adequately describe the concerns of women†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) Kohlberg claimed his  six stages are cultural-universal. Simpson (1974) argues that â€Å"Kohlberg’s interview employs analytic and theoretical modes of thought and language such as â€Å"justice, equality and reciprocity at a high level of abstraction† which are not valued by many cultures†. According to Bergling (1981), Kohlberg’s stages 1 – 4 are â€Å"empirically supported in western industrialized countries but findings from the Bahamas and British Honduras fail to support even a stage 4†. (Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cro ss-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development) BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development, (August, 23 2005) 2. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development,   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg's_stages_of_moral_development (August, 23 2005) 3. Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cross-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development, http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:LAHMEA0UqdAJ:sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/33/3300251.pdf+weak+points+in+Kohlberg%60s+moral+development+theory+&hl=uk (August, 23 2005) 4. Social Learning Theory, http://www.termpapergenie.com/SocialLearningTheory.html (August, 24 2005)               

Critical Analysis on The Lord of the Flies essays

Critical Analysis on The Lord of the Flies essays Style is a writers characteristic way of writing his or her choice of words, sentence structure, and use of imagery and figurative language. For example, one writer might coin new words, write in long rhythmic sentences and create striking images and metaphors. Another writer may use sentences that are very straight forward and very precise in diction. Still others may create episodes that are so poignant that a reader has difficulty putting them from his mind. One such scene is created by William Golding in Lord of the Flies, shows how the boys have changes from being civilized to being savages. This particular scene is near the end of the novel, where Golding is describing the condition that Ralph is in. All of Ralphs friends has been killed or has went on Jacks side, and now Ralph is fleeing for his life. After Sam and Eric told Ralph that the boys planned to hunt him down and kill him in the morning, Ralph gets in a covert and sleeps there. The next morning, Ralph is awakened by a distance noise of someone coming and was yelling. It was a violation over the seashore and now the next savage answered and the next. Ralph made a big mistake, the night before this hunt started, Ralph had told Sam and Eric where he was going to hide when the boys came looking for him. Ralph thought he could trust Sam and Eric; however, Sam and Eric had been turned into savages and they told Jack where he was hiding. However, the location in which Ralph was hiding was to thick for them to get through. Here Ralph is thing to himself, But what could they do? It would take them a week to break a path through the thicket, and anyone who wormed his way in would be helpless. The only way Jack manages to get him out is to light a brush on fire. When Ralph notices the brushes on fire he darts out of the brush and takes off across the island. Frantic of what to do, Ralph ...

Animal venoms Essay Example

Animal venoms Essay Example Animal venoms Essay Animal venoms Essay Mass spectrometric appraisal of bioactive peptides in European wolf spider venom Hazard Appraisals Literature Review Introduction: Animal venoms have been identified as playing a cardinal function in find and development of new drugs as they contain a big sum of unknown pharmacologically active molecules.1 Deadly animate beings subdue their quarry by utilizing their venoms which are rather complex mixtures that contain a big sum of peptide toxins.2 Some of these toxins are thought to hold pharmaceutical and insecticidal effects due to the selective and effectual manner they target receptors.2 This theory led to an addition in the figure of new toxins being identified and characterised.2 Spiders are thought to be the most successful deadly animate beings as they contain the largest figure of peptide toxins when compared to other deadly animals.2 Spider venoms are turn outing to be highly utile doing them to be â€Å"recognized as one of the most exciting beginnings of novel tools for pharmacological research and curative leads†.3 Spider venoms: There are about 39,000 known species of spiders, with even more needing charcterisation.4There are two chief groups of spiders and these are the Orthognatha ( mygalomorphs ) and the Labidognatha ( anaeomorphs ) .5 The differences in these groups are characterized by the place of the chelicerae and the motion of the Fangs. About all spiders are marauders and largely feed on insects and other arthropods.5 Larger species of spiders can besides feed on little birds, serpents, chiropterans, rats, lizards and frogs.5 Most spiders have venom secretory organs and the venoms secreted from them tend to be colorless liquids that can be dissolved in water.5 In most instances these venoms are impersonal or alkalic, but some are known to be acidic.5 Venoms from spiders are diverse as they differ between species and within the same species.5 The chief intent of a spider s venom is to enable it to disable and kill its prey.5 It besides may assist the spider digest its quarry and can move as a self-d efense tool against other predators.5 Spiders can either assail their quarry utilizing their Fangs or gaining control it by utilizing their webs, but normally either manner the quarry is killed as a consequence of the venom s effects.5 A bulk of spiders are in fact harmless to worlds but there are a few species that can do fatal bites.5 Spider venoms are thought to incorporate about several million peptides1, although merely a few spider venoms have been to the full investigated go forthing a huge figure still to be studied and identified.4 Spider venoms provide the perfect focal point for analytical probe as the scope of their constituents varies greatly in molecular weight and pharmaceutical function.6 These venoms contain active biological molecules which can aim a scope of of import normal maps in insects and mammals.5/7 Spider peptides differ well in their pharmacological activity and structure8 and a really little sum of venom can exercise a powerful biological effect.3 Spider venoms are a really complex â€Å"cocktail† of low molecular weight constituents, polypeptide toxins and proteins,9 but peptides are the chief constituents in about all spider venoms.4 The low molecular weight compounds include inorganic salts, free amino acids, biogenic aminoalkanes, enzymes, neurotransmitters and nucleic acids.5/9 These toxins are known to aim a scope of receptors.3 Classs and maps of spider peptides: Deadly animate beings contain a figure of molecules that have effects similar to receptors and enzymes which comprise the two chief categories of marks for the action of drugs.10 These compounds found in their venoms contain a scope of bioactive molecules that have certain pharmacological effects at peculiar targets.9 Spider venoms have been shown to possess a huge beginning of peptide ligands that mark ion channels such as K, Ca and Na and these toxins have been studied to find the construction and roles these channels have in cells.5 The toxins in spider venom can be classified on their chemical nature, their pharmacological effects and their molecular degree effects.10 These toxins can be divided into two chief groups and these are neurolysins and non-neurotoxic peptides.7 Neurotoxins act against neuron receptors, neuron ion channels and presynaptic membrane proteins that affect neurotransmitter release.5/7 Non-neurotoxic peptides are peptides with antimicrobic or necrotic effects .7 The chief intent of a spiders venom is the palsy of their quarry, so this venom contains a figure of toxins which act on the nervous system.5 The neurotoxic activity of these venoms is due to the consequence they have on cellular receptors such as ion channels.8 To day of the month a bulk, if non all spider neurolysins identified are proteins, peptides or acylpolyamines.5 The neurolysins isolated from spider venoms can hold assorted manners of action such as impacting glutamatergic transmittal, exciting sender release and barricading postsynaptic cholinergic receptors.5 They act by upseting the basic cell map and impact the cell membrane receptors.5 Due to these actions they could be good in the survey of these receptors by modulating their map in a manner that is the same as the drug action.5 Polypeptide toxins are known to move as ion channel inhibitors and pore- forming peptides.9 Acylpolyamines act by barricading the insects neuromuscular junction taking to paralysis.9 They w ork by barricading the ion channels that target glutamate receptors, voltage-activated Ca channels and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.9 Polypeptides and acylpolyamines are the chief constituents in spider venoms.9 Two illustrations of antimicrobic peptides that have been characterized within the last 10 old ages are Lycotoxins I and II and they came from the venom of the wolf spider ( Lycosa carolinensis ) .4 European wolf spider venoms: European wolf spiders are the â€Å"giants of the spider world† and are normally feared due to their big size.3 They belong to the mygalamorph group11 but lone spiders within the Theraphosidae household are classified as true tarantulas.3 There are about 860 theraphosid species and they can be found worldwide from tropical rain forests to comeuppances or savannas.3 Although there are a little figure of exclusions, European wolf spiders are non peculiarly harmful to worlds with most bites doing symptoms such as mild to severe hurting, itchiness, stiffness of articulations and conceited limbs.3 Tarantula venoms represent an copiousness of new pharmacologically active molecules for a scope of cell receptors and ion channels.3 Like about all other spiders, European wolf spiders are marauders and provender on a assortment of insects and little animate beings such as rats as prey.3 A European wolf spider s ability to capture quarry that is larger than it without the usage of webs, s uggests that these animals are both strong and possess venoms that are really efficient at moving rapidly on the quarries nervous system.3 Tarantula venoms are complex mixtures of constituents such as peptides, polyamines, free amino acids, salts, proteins and enzymes.3 The hurting experienced after a bite can be due to a figure of things such as local hurting caused by the Fangs, the venom s low pH and effects of biogenic amines.3 These venoms seem to change in authority depending on whether the quarry is a craniate or an invertebrate.3 The Chilean European wolf spider ( Grammostola spatulata ) was one of the first species to be studied as it was highly popular as a pet and because it produces big sums of venom.3 Cobalt Blue European wolf spider ( Haplopelma lividum ) : The Cobalt Blue European wolf spider belongs to the Theraphosidae household and is found in the rain forests of South East Asia.8 This burrowing spider prefers warm temperatures with a humidness degree of around 80 % .12This European wolf spider has a leg span of 4-5 inches and is really popular among tarantula enthusiasts8, particularly because of its electric blue coloring. The Cobalt bluish European wolf spider is known to be rather fast and is one of the most aggressive tarantulas.8This aggressiveness is a common trait in Asiatic European wolf spider. These European wolf spiders are antisocial by nature and be given to be rather shy.13 Cobalt blue European wolf spider can remain in their tunnels for hebdomads on terminal merely go forthing in hunt of nutrient and water.14 They favour crickets to other signifiers of quarry but they will besides eat cockroaches and other big insects.12The Cobalt blue, unlike other European wolf spiders do non hold urticating hairs so they use seize with teething as agencies of defense.13 The authority of their venom can be indicated to some grade from studies of pet proprietors who have experienced painful bites from these tarantulas.6 Their venom is non really likely to do any terrible effects in worlds and no deceases have been reported for this species. When the Cobalt Blue European wolf spider feels threatened it will raise up on its dorsum legs as warning before biting, which is their lone signifier of self-defense.12 In an experiment carried out by Pierre Escoubas and Lachlan Rash, it was noted that the mice died after 10 proceedingss when they were given an intracerebraventricular injection with 0.1 µl of the venom from this tarantula.3 Decision: There are about 39,000 species of spiders that are recognized to day of the month but merely a little sum of these species have been investigated so far, for the potentially utile toxins they may incorporate. The aim of this undertaking is to utilize MALDI-TOF/Q-TOF/ion trap mass spectroscopy to place and qualify the bioactive peptides in Cobalt Blue European wolf spider s venom. Plan of Probe Purpose: The purpose of this undertaking is to measure the bioactive peptides in the venom from the Colbalt blue ( Haplopelma lividum ) European wolf spider from the Theraphosidae household utilizing ion trap, matrix-assisted optical maser desorption ionisation time-of-flight ( MALDI-TOF ) and quadruplicate clip of flight ( QTOF ) mass spectroscopy. Method: 1. The European wolf spider venom that will be used for appraisal will come in pre-fractionated samples. 2. MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy will be used in order to measure the molecular weight of the peptides. This will supply accurate mass findings and primary sequencing information that will assist infer unknown peptide sequences. 3. Additionally QTOF and ion trap mass spectroscopy will be used to set up the atomization profiles of the peptides. 4. Vinyl pyridine is a protein alkylating agent that will be used to observe the presence of disulfide bonds in the peptides. 5. A chemical alteration trial will be carried out to place cysteine rich peptides. 6. MS/MS techniques will be used to find the construction of the peptides. 7. A database hunt will be conducted to find if there is any homology with bing peptides. 8. Last the pharmacological function of these peptides as venom constituents and their possible pharmaceutical map will be postulated. Experiments and controls: In this undertaking the bioactive peptides are analysed utilizing a figure of mass spectroscopy processs.  · Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry is an analytical technique that is an of import tool used in the analysis and word picture of biomolecules such as peptides.15 How it works: A mass spectrometer is made up of three cardinal parts which are the ionisation beginning, the analyzer and the detector.16 1. The sample is loaded into the ionisation beginning of the mass spectrometer instrument. 2. The sample molecules undergo ionisation in this country which consequences in formation of positively charged ions. 3. These ions are accelerated by a magnetic field and are extracted into the analyser country of the mass spectrometer where they are detached harmonizing to their mass to bear down ratios ( m/z ) . 4. The detached ions are detected and this signal is sent to the information system where the mass to bear down ratios are stored together with their comparative copiousness for presentation in the format of an m/z spectrum. The Mass Spectrometer, accessed 2009 December 1, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/masspec/howitworks.html  · MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight ( MALDI-TOF ) mass spectroscopy is an of import analytical tool used in life sciences for protein and peptide analysis.16This instrument enables mass to be determined accurately15 and due to its truth it is really successful in protein designation and characterization.17 In MALDI mass spectroscopy the sample is bombarded with a optical maser to bring forth ionisation. MALDI mass spectroscopy vaporizes and ionise both little and big molecules without damaging them.17The time-of-flight ( TOF ) analyser accelerates the ions utilizing an electric field and measures the clip they reach the detector.15 Control: This instrument will be calibrated with a known sample that will be analysed independently each twenty-four hours before the venom samples are analysed. Diagram: A diagram of a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 3, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psrc.usm.edu/mauritz/maldi.html  · Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy uses hovering electric Fieldss to go through the ions to the sensor. This instrument is rather similar to the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer in that it has the same sample demands but it has better declaration leting more information to be given for protein individuality via MS/MS experiments.18/19 Control: This instrument is calibrated in the same manner as the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. Diagram: A diagram of a Q-TOF mass spectrometer runing in MS and MS/MS manners Q-TOF mass spectrometer Ashcroft A.E, An Introduction to Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 3, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.astbury.leeds.ac.uk/facil/MStut/mstutorial.htm  · Ion trap Mass Spectrometry Ion trap mass spectroscopy is an instrument that is able to place little and big molecules and is used to happen their molecular mass.20This instrument takes the ions that were created, in this instance from matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation procedure and uses an electrostatic lens system system to put them in the ion trap.20 Control: This instrument does non necessitate calibrated on a day-to-day footing or every clip it is used, as it merely needs calibrated one time a twelvemonth. Diagram: A diagram of an Ion trap mass spectrometer Janscher K.R, Yates J.T, The Why and Whies of Quadrupole Ion trap Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 3, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.abrf.org/ABRFNews/1996/September 1996/Sep96iontrap.html Costings  · Equipment: The equipment that will be used for the continuance of this undertaking is MALDI-TOF, QTOF and ion trap mass spectroscopy. The cost for each is shown below and includes the cost for all chemicals needed for its usage.  · MALDI-TOF Cost per usage ten figure of times needed = sum cost ?1.70 x 10 = ?17.00  · QTOF Cost per usage ten figure of times needed = sum cost ?18.04 x 4 = ?72.16  · Ion trap Cost per usage ten figure of times needed = sum cost ?3.74 x 5 = ?18.70 * Total cost for equipment use = ?17.00 + ?72.16 + ?18.70 = ?107.86  · Reagents: The reagents that will be used for the continuance of this undertaking are 4-vinyl pyridine, dithiothreitol ( DTT ) , ammonium hydrogen carbonate and trypsin. The costs for each is shown below in the measures needed. * 4-vinyl pyridine-This is used as a protein alkylating agent Cost for 100ML= ?18.30 * Dithiothreitol ( DTT ) This is used for cut downing the protein disulfide bonds Cost for 50ML = ?31.80  · Ammonium Bicarbonate Cost for 25g = ?8.60 * Trypsin- This hydrolyses the proteins into smaller amino acids Cost for 1VL= ?42.20 * Total cost for reagents = ?18.30 + ?31.80 + ?8.60 + ?42.20 = ?100.90 * Total cost for undertaking = entire cost of equipment + entire cost of reagents = ?107.86 + ?100.90 = ?208.76 Mentions 1. Escoubas P, King G.F, Venomics as a drug find platform, Expert Review Proteomics, 2009, Volume 6, Issue 3 ; 221-224, accessed 2009 November 28, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.expert-reviews.com/doi/pdf/10.1586/epr.09.45? cookieSet=1 2. Wood D. LA et Al, Arachno Server: a database of peptide toxins from spiders, BMS Genomics Journal, August 2009, Volume 10, Issue 375, accessed 2009 November 29, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-10-375.pdf 3. Escoubas P, Rash L, Tarantulas: eight-legged druggists and combinative chemists, Toxicon Journal, 2004, Volume 43 ; 555-574, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob_MImg A ; _imagekey=B6TCS-4BWW8PS-2-G A ; _cdi=5178 A ; _user=126978 4. Liu Z.H, Qian W, Zhang Y, Liang S, Biochemical and pharmacological survey of venom of the wolf spider Lycosa singoriensis, Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 2009, Volume 15, No 1, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scielo.br/scielo.php? script=sci_arttext amp ; pid=S1678-91992009000100008 5. Rash L.D, Hodgson W.C, Pharmacology and biochemistry of spider venoms, Toxicon Journal, 2002, Volume 40 ; 225-254, accessed 2009 November 11, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6TCS-44D3TCN-1-7 A ; _cdi=5178 A ; _user=126978 6. Moore S et Al, Mass spectrometric word picture and quantitation of selected low molecular mass compounds from the venom of Haplopelma lividum ( Theraphosidae ) , 2008, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122380578/PDFSTART 7. Choi S.J et Al, Isolation and word picture of Psalmopeotoxin I and II: two novel antimalarial peptides from the venom of the European wolf spider Psalmopoeus cambridgei, 2004, Volume 572 ; 109-117, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6T36-4CX6SFO-1-1 A ; _cdi=4938 A ; _user=126978 8. Escoubas P, Diochot S, Corzo G, Structure and pharmaceutics of spider venom neurolysins, 2000, Volume 82 ; 893-907, accessed 2009 November 23, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6VRJ-431B1CT-C-7 A ; _cdi=6236 A ; _user=126978 9. Escoubas P, Bosmans F, Spider peptide toxins as leads for drug development, Expert Opinion Review, 2007 ; 823-835, accessed 2009 November 19, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1517/17460441.2.6.823 10. Pimenta A.M.C, De Lima M.E, Small peptides, large universe: biotechnological potency in ignored bioactive peptides from arthropod venoms, Journal of Peptide Science, 2005, Volume 11 ; 670-676, accessed 2009 November 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110579667/PDFSTART 11. Shirey K, Jones S, Rayburn J, Toxicity of venom from two European wolf spider species, Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, April 2009, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb178/is_2_80/ai_n35695049/ 12. Information on Cobalt Blue Tarantula, accessed 2009 November 26, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spidy.goliatus.com/ /article-cobalt-blue-tarantula.php 13. Colbalt Blue Tarantula, accessed 2009 December 1, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.exoticpets.co.uk/cobaltbluetarantula.html 14. The Cobalt Blue Tarantula, accessed 2009 November 26, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orkin.com/other/spiders/the-cobalt-blue-tarantula 15. Lennon J.L, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.abrf.org/abrfnews/1997/june1997/jun97lennon.html 16. Ashcroft, A.E, An Introduction to Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 1, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.astbury.leeds.ac.uk/facil/MStut/mstutorial.htm 17. Lewis J.K, Wei J, Siuzdak G, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry in Peptides and Protein Analysis, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, 2000 ; 5880-5894, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //massspec.scripps.edu/publications/public_pdf/64_art.pdf 18. Cornelis E.C.A, Application of Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry to Facilitate Metabolite Identification, accessed 2009 November 30, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //americanpahrmaceuticalreview.com/ViewArticle.aspx? contentID=31 19. Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, accessed 2009 December 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //saturn.med.nyu.edu/facilities/paf/qtof.html 20. Janscher K.R, Yates J.R, The Why and Wherefore of Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, accessed 2009 December 5, cited at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arbf.org/ABRFNews/1996/September1996/sep96iontrap.html

German Unification

German Unification German UnificationIn 1862, Bismarck became the Prussian chancellor, and he had huge plans for his country in the years to come. He intended to with unite Germany under Prussian rule. Bismarck thought that he could achieve these goals by controlling the people and making them believe in the same thing he did. Bismarck thought if he made the lower class believe in his thoughts and get them to vote his way he could use this against the liberals and Austria. He also believed that if he could get leaders of other countries to believe his ways this would play as a key part of obtaining his goal of German unification.Bismarck knew that to achieve his goal he was going to have to get the people on his side and stop other countries from fighting against him. He also knew there had to be war to reach his goal, but using his own army would make it look like he was trying to gain to much power.Preussischer MinisterprsidentBy the beginning of the 19th century in Prussia, the monarchy was already on shaky ground. Revolution had spread throughout europe, in economics, politics and thought. The philosophy of the enlightenment had questioned the rules and beliefs of the Christian church in Europe and the hierarchical feudal system in which wealth and political power rested with royalty and the nobility. The right of European kings and queens to govern with absolute power was questioned through passionate discussion of concepts such as human rights, liberty and the law. In England, monarchs had abandoned divine rule 300 years previously. Through the American War of Independence, it was declared that every man's had the right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" and that "whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it was the right of the people to alter or abolish...

Biblical Concept of Sin Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biblical Concept of Sin - Article Example The present research has identified that the bible is the Christian’s guide to live a spiritually healthy life. The bible has many authors in the different books, who were inspired by God. The Bible teaches Christians to live a pure life with no sin; however, it does not provide a precise definition of sin. Instead, the Bible elaborates on remedies to sin. Like other doctrines, Kinghorn acknowledges the need to apply the concept of progressive revelation. In his attempt to reveal the biblical view of sin, Kinghorn studies the doctrine of sin in both the old and new testaments. He uses this approach in order to follow the revelation of the doctrine of sin throughout the centuries, from the creation of man, as God manifests himself in the human families setting. Kinghorn identifies numerous terms that look into the concept of sin in the Old Testament, which makes it an ideal study in order to understand the doctrine of sin. Mentions of sin in the Old Testament are in Hebrew, who se translations may distort the precise definition of the terms. In this article, we see sin as having an inward concept and an outside concept. The inward concept is best seen in the case of the tenth commandment, while the outside concept of sin is seen in cold-blooded murder. There are many concepts of sin including an act of wrongdoing with regard to ethics, breaking the law due to ill motive, and breaking the covenant of God as a deflection from the lawgiver.   giver. We also look at the doctrine of sin according to the new testament, as portrayed by Jesus through parables and Paul in his letters. The author concludes by relating the doctrine of sin to the opinions of Wesleyans. Critical interaction In defining sin according to the New Testament, Kinghorn looks at human family and the relation it had with God. The family setting in the Old Testament defined sin as an inward act, owing to the sins of our first parents, before it became an outward act. In this regard sin was seen as breaking the law, which made it punishable. According to the Hebrews, there was a clear distinction between sin, which was defined as an act of wrong doing, and what did not constitute sin. According to the book of Leviticus, sin was any act that was contrary to the command, whether it was done knowingly or unknowingly, due to ignorance. Kinghorn supports this claim by quoting the book of Leviticus 5: 17, which says "And if any one sin, and do any of the things wh ich Jehovah hath commanded not to be done, though he knew it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity." The Old Testament looks at both the ethical and legal concepts of sin. In the former, sin involves an act, while in the latter, it is about breaking a law, regardless of knowledge of its existence. Another kind of sin in the Old Testament is one that is not portrayed on the outside, like in the case of condemning murder only if it’s done willingly. Analysis of the sin according to the Old Testament is fouuunded on the idea of progression, whereby the concept of sin is revealed in various people and prophets as we move towards Christianity. Kinghorn identifies some bible characters that had greater vision than others, like in the case of Enoch. He also reveals another concept of sin that involves breaking the covenant of God that is built on human obedience. In such cases, sin is seen as a rebellion against God since the covenant forms the basis of the relationship between God and man. In the Old Testament, sin was seen as not only breaking the law, but also a deflection from the law giver. The analysis of sin according

The Philippines' Problems And Possible Policies Essay

The Philippines' Problems And Possible Policies - Essay Example Robert Babe (37) emphasized "Economists, after all, are inclined to limit their professional attention to those human interactions or exchanges mediated by money, barter being a notable but minor exception. Discursive Acts, in contrast, focuses on non-monetized, verbal, symbolic interactions, thereby calling attention to a bifurcation of the field of human interaction -- into the realms of the "economic" and the "no economic" (or what I will term here the "purely communicator")." The quote clearly shows that the economy of, including the Philippine human relations, is grounded on economic factors, which includes gross domestic product.To resolve the inflation issue of the Philippines, Don Paarlberg (159) states â€Å"A small group of economists, chiefly libertarians, propose taking the monetary system out of the hands of government and leaving it to private enterprise. Theoretically, the market would discipline the supply of money to keep its value at a stable level. This proposal h as won acclaim from only a few. "Money cannot manage itself," said Bagehot, a nineteenth-century economist†. The government has the power to reduce the inflation rate by increasing the supply of money into the economy. Inflation is the increase in the prices of goods and commodities. Microeconomics also states that a decline in the demand for the products will reduce the demand and price of the product. Second, the ethnic issues include a major portion of the country's population wallowing in poverty. Only a small percentage of the ethnic population is living in rich levels. The Philippines' ethical structure is 92 percent, Christian Malay, 4 percent Muslim Malay, 3 percent other ethnic groups, and 1% Chinese ethnic group. The economy is run by a majority of Christian Malays. Third, the political issues include a democracy that is filled with many contradicting forces. The government is beset by allocating its scarce financial resources. The democratic government is patterned on the United States political government. Elections are made for the President, Vice President, Senators, Congressmen, Mayors, Governors, and other political leaders for a fixed term. With the democratic government, some persons use goons to force the people to elect the goon leaders as the elected government officials. Likewise, the democratic political system allows any person to use the money to buy votes from the people. Some of the poor residents accept the tradition of accepting money for their votes. 2. Projections: There are many positive prospects for this country and its economy. First, the country’s being a former colony of the United States gives it the American educational and societal advantage. The Filipinos can apply for jobs in other countries where the main language is English. Many

Global Strategies to Eliminate Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Strategies to Eliminate Hunger - Essay Example According to the World Food program (2013), food security is a situation where a household has access to food for consumption. Most developed countries such as the United States of America, and China have highly invested in ways to ensure availability food supply to their population (Shapouri, 2010). They ensure that their household s do not live in fear of starvation. Finances have been channeled to projects and researches to help in the production of better strains of agricultural products. Technologically, laboratories and other research institution have been issued with state of the art technology to provide hybrids for most crops. This ensures food security, which involves storage of surplus foods in case of any risks. These risks involve economic meltdowns, natural disasters, and wars. Storage of surplus foods for the future ensures a country’s self-sufficiency (Shapouri, 2010). On the other hand, developing and non-developed countries have also started initiatives and p rograms to help increase food production (Lawrence, Lyons & Wallington, 2010). This has been implemented through financial and technological help from the already developed countries. However, even with this set initiatives, there have been increased cases of hunger and starvation. This is mostly evident in third world countries. Efforts to guarantee food security in most countries have had several setbacks irrespective of increased technological know-how and financial aids. ... For example, in Sudan, conflicts in Darfur region have lasted for a decade and led to displacements of millions of people. This has led to demand for extra food since the camps are in non-productive area. In some situations during war, the enemy may destroy the food reserves to cause defeat. To eradicate hunger in this situation, avoiding wars may prevent hunger since individuals will invest in other ideas to increase food production. Wars and civil conflicts may lead individual governments to channel more funds into purchasing armory and paying military (Peacock, 2012). In case wars are stopped, the funds could be used to invest in new and advanced ways of agricultural production. Moreover, global peace facilitate efforts geared to eradicate hunger rather than countries seeking to advance war ammunitions. Increased diseases such as HIV Aids, cancer, malnutrition have also contributed to cases of hunger and starvation (Lawrence, Lyons & Wallington, 2010). These diseases are mostly fo und in under developed countries due to poverty. Deaths from the diseases lead to loss of labor that provides psychical and mental work force in agricultural farms. In counties such as those in Africa, there are higher mortality rates due to the increased spread of HIV Aids, which leave most of the children as orphans. With increased medical bills, there are reduced funds to purchase and invest in food security. This increases the rates of hunger and starvation in these countries. The economies also suffer a fall in the countries’ Gross National Product due to increased funds being allocated health services. Focusing on how to reduce mortality rates due to major diseases will lead to an increased and strong work force. Investing in agriculture with the labor force will increase the

Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Essay

Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example his paper reveals the great benefits and the actual need for this type of construction to maintain the natural resources and to make our future cities friendly to the environment. Furthermore, this paper seeks to review the regulations of sustainability and design of green buildings in more than one country and organizations involved. Also under review are the plans that have been successful for the transition to sustainable construction, and the solutions that have been used for the development of sustainability in the cities both scientifically and practically. In 2012, at the third session of the Forum of Green Buildings, which was held in the city of Riyadh, capital of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah, King of the country adopted an initiative for green buildings and he set many recommendations to facilitate the business for those interested in this type of project which is friendly to both the humans and the environment as a whole. Also, he recommended for shifts to the practices and foundations of professional cognitive, and highlighted the business and investment opportunities in engineering creativity and innovation fields within the Kingdom. After this initiative, action plans have been processed by the Green Buildings Chapter of Saudi Council of Engineers, where the Green Buildings Chapter has got financial support to achieve the recommendations in regards to the Kings initiative. In this literature paper, there is an attempt to develop the sustainability skills in the design of the buildings by Architects and Engineers who work in Saudi Arabia. According to the Secretary-General of the King Abdullah’s Initiative for green buildings, Faisal A., (Alarabiya.net.2013) the total investments in sustainable buildings (green building) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which amounts to 100 billion riyals, was pumped in 76 projects. Out of the 76, 43 were in the city of Riyadh, which won the lions share, most notably due to the SABIC mining project. Also, he pointed

Case Study on Global Warming and Climate Change Assignment

Case Study on Global Warming and Climate Change - Assignment Example The animals provide the researcher with a great chance to acquire the necessary observation because they allow in making of experimental evidence for causation. The article discusses that there is growing evidence associating the outdoor polluted air exposure with the negative effects that appear in the reproductive health (Somers, 2011). Statement of air quality concern and its relevant to the environmental professional Exposure to ambient air pollution contributes to damage of male germ cells resulting to negative effects on reproductive health. Analysis of the key points in the article Effects of air exposure to human sperms One of the key points that the article discusses is that air exposure contributes in a significant way to the damage of human sperms (Somers, 2011). The author of the article indicates that even though few studies have been conducted concerning this issue, the ones that researchers have performed supports the fact that air pollution causes a negative effect in the reproductive health of both men and women (Somers, 2011). However, results in the areas that the study have been conducted indicates tends to be different. ... One of these limitations is that researchers fail to demonstrate causation of the effects even though it is evident that they occur. However, Somers (2011) indicates that researchers have managed to overcome the limitations using rodents. The animals are exposed to urban and industrial air pollution in order to provide the required results. The direct exposure to the pollution gives researchers a chance to determine the level of effects of sperms. The studies from this experiment indicate that ambient air pollution causes significant effects to many parts of the sentinel animals’ bodies. One of these body parts is the reproductive system. Somers (2011) indicates that a series of experiments on the sentinel animals have proven that particulate matter causes damage to the sperms. Linking the studies of human germ cell to that of sentinel animals Study on sentinel animals provides a chance of having reliable experiment. This is because the ambient air pollution tends to be a sing le variable on the experiment. Therefore, the experiment gives a clear casual links between exposures and end-points (Somers, 2011). Experiments in both humans and sentinel animals indicate there is an induced germline mutation. Moreover, the experiments indicate there is physical DNA damage and epigenetic changes in the sperms (Somers, 2011). However, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the whether the effects of the air pollution in animals and humans are the same. This is because both of them have never measured identical end-points. Conclusion The studies conducted on both humans and sentinel animals indicates there is a high probability that ambient air pollution exposure leads to the damage of male germ cells. The studies indicate that air pollution is

Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Essay

Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example his paper reveals the great benefits and the actual need for this type of construction to maintain the natural resources and to make our future cities friendly to the environment. Furthermore, this paper seeks to review the regulations of sustainability and design of green buildings in more than one country and organizations involved. Also under review are the plans that have been successful for the transition to sustainable construction, and the solutions that have been used for the development of sustainability in the cities both scientifically and practically. In 2012, at the third session of the Forum of Green Buildings, which was held in the city of Riyadh, capital of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah, King of the country adopted an initiative for green buildings and he set many recommendations to facilitate the business for those interested in this type of project which is friendly to both the humans and the environment as a whole. Also, he recommended for shifts to the practices and foundations of professional cognitive, and highlighted the business and investment opportunities in engineering creativity and innovation fields within the Kingdom. After this initiative, action plans have been processed by the Green Buildings Chapter of Saudi Council of Engineers, where the Green Buildings Chapter has got financial support to achieve the recommendations in regards to the Kings initiative. In this literature paper, there is an attempt to develop the sustainability skills in the design of the buildings by Architects and Engineers who work in Saudi Arabia. According to the Secretary-General of the King Abdullah’s Initiative for green buildings, Faisal A., (Alarabiya.net.2013) the total investments in sustainable buildings (green building) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which amounts to 100 billion riyals, was pumped in 76 projects. Out of the 76, 43 were in the city of Riyadh, which won the lions share, most notably due to the SABIC mining project. Also, he pointed

A Race for Intelligence Gains through Aerial Reconnaissance Term Paper

A Race for Intelligence Gains through Aerial Reconnaissance - Term Paper Example One of the most striking features of the Mosquito bombers as reconnaissance vessels was its reliable speed in aerial space. Technical features range to incredible numbers such as with the Mosquito PR Mk 34 and PR Mk 34A. These units had addition fuel carried in a bulged bomb-bay - 1,192 gallons which was the equivalent of 5,419 miles. A further two 200 gallon drop tanks under the outer wings gave a range of 3,600 miles cruising at 300 mph. Powered by two 1,690 hp Merlin 114s first used in earlier Mosquito units. A total of 181 were built, including 50 built by the Percival Aircraft Company (Bowman 165).As what had been explained above, both Spitfire fighters and the Mosquito bombers were the most versatile aerial vessels of the British Royal Air Force. Both were proven exceptional when it came to dogfights and bomb raids respectfully. They were efficient in aerial defenses that kept enemy aerial raids at bay. Both units were also useful in assault missions where escort Spitfires prov ided cover for raiding Mosquito bombers above enemy territory. More importantly, espionage missions were the key factors which created the Spitfire and the Mosquito a treasure to the British Royal Air Force. The speed and efficiency both the mentioned fighter and bomber units possessed were the primary aspects which catapulted the Spitfire and the Mosquito into heavy reconnaissance tasks. Flexibility to adopt with the environment and the maneuverability of the mentioned units were beneficial for low, medium and high altitude spying.  Ã‚  ... Technical features range to incredible numbers such as with the Mosquito PR Mk 34 and PR Mk 34A. These units had addition fuel carried in a bulged bomb-bay - 1,192 gallons which was the equivalent of 5,419 miles. A further two 200 gallon drop tanks under the outer wings gave a range of 3,600 miles cruising at 300 mph. Powered by two 1,690 hp Merlin 114s first used in earlier Mosquito units. A total of 181 were built, including 50 built by the Percival Aircraft Company (Bowman 165). As what had been explained above, both Spitfire fighters and the Mosquito bombers were the most versatile aerial vessels of the British Royal Air Force. Both were proven exceptional when it came to dogfights and bomb raids respectfully. They were efficient in aerial defenses that kept enemy aerial raids at bay. Both units were also useful in assault missions where escort Spitfires provided cover for raiding Mosquito bombers above enemy territory. More importantly, espionage missions were the key factors wh ich created the Spitfire and the Mosquito a treasure to the British Royal Air Force. The speed and efficiency both the mentioned fighter and bomber units possessed were the primary aspects which catapulted the Spitfire and the Mosquito into heavy reconnaissance tasks. Flexibility to adopt with the environment and the maneuverability of the mentioned units were beneficial for low, medium and high altitude spying. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the Luftwaffe provided the Germans with unique espionage units. At the onset of the war, ordinary German passenger planes were used as the primary aerial vessels for the campaign of enemy espionage. These were indeed decisive actions taken by the German intelligence because they risked innocent civilian

Support Children and Young People Positive Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Support Children and Young People Positive Behaviour Essay Good behaviour in all aspects of school life is necessary. We are providing high standard of discipline and behaviour. By adhering to this policy we aim to recognise and promote positive behaviour and in doing so, will help to promote self-esteem, self-discipline and build positive relationships based on mutual respect, consideration and tolerance. The policy is not only aimed at pupils, but to all who are involved in the school community, from parents to governors, to staff etc. in order to be able to apply it consistently. Everyone work hard to help children to keep up high standards of behaviour, so they can use their time in school effectively to learn and develop. We are encouraging children to do their best, establishing in them a sense of self-respect and independence by praising their efforts and being interested in them as individuals. It is our aim to instil in children a sense of respect for the feelings, needs and interests of other people, like also commitment and pride in the school. Fundamental reasons of this policy are being followed to make sure that all children know that they have the right to learn, every teacher has the right to teach and everybody in school has the right to feel safe, secure and happy by being part of school community. We believe it’s very important to make children feel proud of themselves and show them the appreciation of their self-development and creativity. That is why we are using rewards such as weekly certificates, house points, golden tickets, marble jars or written reports and newsletters to parents, to let them know personally, that their children are doing well. We also believe we must signify very clearly negative behaviour. To make an effort on that we have created three ‘Golden Rules’ to help us make that strategy real. First Golden Rule says ‘do what an adult tells you to do the first time’, so children can identify their authorities and people whose behaviour they should follow, so defiance or deliberate disobedience will be absolutely intolerable. Second Golden Rule is about ‘keeping your hand and feet and other object to yourself’. In our school community it’s completely unacceptable to indicate danger or harm, like physical violence and threats to another person or racism towards children, which is regard as extremely serious and we always take constant action against it. We always try to make sure, that all racist incidents are being reported by our grownups. ‘No put downs or swearing’ is the third rule, which is same important as the rest two of them. We are trying to create nice and friendly atmosphere at our work place, like also develop children’s communication skills without using any unnecessary or abusive vocabulary. Procedures for handling unacceptable behaviour in our facilities are followed to deal with children, whose behaviour is opposite to our school rules or is any different way perilous. We are using ‘1-2-3 exit’ method in the classroom, dinner hall and playground. This system is utilized, while the inappropriate behaviour is identified. The teacher gives first warning to a child, if it continues to be disobedient, they are given second one, after third, if the misbehaviour still persists and then ‘exit’, which means they are sent to another classroom to work alone in silence for some period specified by teacher. After that procedure, teacher and student must go through talk and complete ‘Exit Form’, which makes them think about all the effects and to make sure, they know what they have done wrong or who they have affected and how to change it, to not make it happen again. This form is kept in child’s behaviour record, monitored by the Head Teacher and definitely, parents have to be informed. That might also result in the child missing future trips and the other school events. Anti-social behaviour, which affects everyone, is unacceptable and will not be tolerate is bullying. There are three types of bullying: physical (using physical violence), verbal (name calling with racist remarks) and indirect (spreading rumours about someone). It is our responsibility to keep that kind of behaviour away from happening, because pupils who are being bullied can show negative changes in their attitude, like becoming shy and nervous, taking unexplained absences or pretending illness. We must encourage them to report bullying in schools and be alert to the signs of it, so we can react promptly and solve the problem as soon as possible by following the school policy steps. All the head teachers are response, under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 to follow procedures to avoid bullying among pupils and make people around or working with them, to pay more attention about this rules. That kind of incidents will be dealt immediately by one of the member of staff, recorded and given to the head teacher, who will take an action. Parents must be kept informed about every record in a file of child and sanctions might be used after consultation and investigating all people who were concerned. Pupils will be supported by the member of staff, by discussing and investigating what happened, who was involved and what was done wrong and will be necessary to change. We will also offer help with restoring self-esteem and confidence if needed. Exclusion may be taken as a disciplinary step. Within the set of courses the school will be more aware of the problem of bullying through education in PSHE, tutorials and assemblies to completely eliminate that sort of behavioural matter. We are all members of the school community, we as a teachers and staff, you as a parents, and of course our children. We all have duties and responsibilities to follow, to make our lives easier more comfortable and secure. These policies have been created to help us turn those rules into a life and make our schools safe and happy environment to learn, play and grow up for everyone, with no exceptions.

Occupational Safety Analysis for Pilot

Occupational Safety Analysis for Pilot For a pilot, there are many risks in his working environment to which he is exposed to. A pilot while operating an airplane might be exposed to ultraviolet radiations, ambient noise, various communicable diseases etc. The main aim of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 was majorly towards a safer and healthier working environment that could be insured for the workers (association, 2012). The main reasons for which Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) were created was for development and enforcement of health and safety norms and standards for the workplace. OSHA works to provide employers and airline industry workers with information and assistance to help create a healthy and safe working environment.Under this act it is the responsibility of the employer to provide a safe and healthy workplace which is free from serious recognized hazards to all its employees. According to Canada Labor Code (the Code) it is required that employers under federal jurisdiction provide their employees for health and safety of their lives. There are many committees for the purpose of ensuring healthier and safer working environment also there is a representative who is being appointed for the same purpose concerned to health and safety . The Canada Labor Code also provides that a health and safety officer should be appointed by the labor minister . The officer has investigation right to investigate upon the workplace conditions and various related issues towards health and safety of employees and the officer can also recommend noncompliance prosecution . The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) 1970 was created for ensuring safe and healthy working environment for all workers in The United States (OSHA, 2010) . The OSH led to the establishment of The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for the purpose with authority to develop and enforce desirable standards for health and safety in the workplace. Under the OSH act there was also establishment of The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as an active Disease Control and Prevention centers. NIOSH is responsible for conducting various researches and for providing recommendations with regard to workplace for the prevention of injuries and illness. There are many environmental hazards to which the flight deck crews are found to be exposed to, one of them is galactic radiation; which is very much harmful with exposure to higher level of altitudes and latitudes. It has been indicated by studies that there is an increase in malignancies with increasing exposure among the flight crew members. Another hazard to which they are exposed to is ozone, which at typical flight levels might exceed the federal limits. It can even cause headaches and some kind of respiratory illness, it has even been even linked to cancer. Airborne contagious diseases if exposed to is also a health threat, which can be caused if being exposed either to passengers or to crew members and can be even caused by making use of contaminated oxygen mask. Apart from these environmental hazards, there are many operational conditions to which flight crew members might be exposed to over a period of time, that could be harmful to health. For example, for pilots combating fatigue is the matter of constant battle, in various short haul operations with mainly short flight legs (Geneva, 2013) . It has been determined by the FAA that the workplace for on-board crew members in civil,commercial aircrafts is different significantly from the non-aviation workers’s workplace and the FAA must take up steps for setting up regulations for the purpose of addressing these concerns. The regulations and guidance material has been issued by the FAA that affect the flight attendants workplace and the workplace of other persons for whom his workplace is an aircraft in operation. This kind of regulatory material pays attention towards addressing protective equipment of breathing for crew members; crew members’s emergency exits; seat belts for crew members ; characteristics of various materials in the workplace of crew member ; reducing noise; smoke evacuation; concentration of carbon monoxide, cabin zone and carbon dioxide; proper heating, ventilation, and pressurization; proper availability of required first aid, various medical equipment, protective gloves; and interference with the crew members to be prohibited. FAA advisory materials also addresse the issues related to exposure to radiation of the crew members, first-aid programs in an air-carrier, and blood borne pathogens exposure. The FAA has not yet enforced regulations and adequate guidance material for addressing safety and health issues that are associated with the working conditions in an aircraft for employees, even including the flight deck crew. The mission of FAA’s Aerospace Medicine (AAM) office is to enhance safety of aerospace through surveillance, education, medical standards, research and prevention of illness. The AAM, headed by the federal air surgeon, under the oversight of the associate administrator for aviation safety has a vision for promoting aviation safety for the American public and many people who are totally relying upon the aviation industry for business, pleasure, and commerce. The Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI), of the FAA is located in Oklahoma, is an occupation, medical certification, education,research wing of Aerospace Medicine. The FAA has developed various health standards to ensure the safety of all crew members and all people who fly. It is necessary that all aviators should be medically certified to be fit to fly; annually about a half million of medical certificates have been issued. The FAA and OSHA, signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) at the urging of Congress in which they agreed that both the FAA and OSHA would work collectively in the airline industry to enhance their employee safety and health. Both the FAA and OSHA in the MOU have agreed to the establishment of a procedure for employees working conditions in operation in the airline. In the MOU, an aircraft has been defined by the FAA as being â€Å"in operation† from the time the first crew member boards it in preparation for flight till the time after completion of flight last crew member leaves that flight. It has been recognized by the MOU that for the FAA and OSHA it is very important to work together in order to ensure that one agency does not block the other agency’s regulations application unnecessarily. The FAA and OSHA have been called by MOU for the establishment of a procedure for enforcing OSH through proper coordinating and supporting each other. Act with regard to improving upon the working conditions of employees in operation in aircraft and resolving various jurisdictional questions has been required. A team of representatives of FAA and OSHA is required to identify the factors which are to be considered for determining OSH requirements that can be applied to the employees working condition on aircraft in operation . It is required by the Congress that the FAA should promote the use of U.S. airspace in a safe and efficient way. CAMI promotes aviation safety through various number of medical education programs of aerospace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act and Executive Order Occupational Safety and Health Programs for Federal Employees is responsible for mandating theses programs. They even provide professional advice and advice related to technical knowledge to various federal air surgeons and various other officials of agency . Bibliography association, A. p. (2012). Enhancing Pilots’ Occupational Safety. Washington. Geneva, I. l. (2013). Kenya. OSHA, F. /. (2010). Application of OSHA’s Requirements to Employees on Aircraft in Operation.

The Night Of The Hunter: The Preacher Essay -- essays research papers

The Night of the Hunter: The Preacher   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When describing the preacher, John says, â€Å"His name is Harry Powell. But the names of his fingers are E and V and O and L and E and T and A and H and that story he tells about one hand being Hate and the other hand being Love is a lie because they are both hate and to watch them moving scares me worse than shadows, worse than the wind.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This description shows the absolute essence of the preacher's character in Davis Grubb's The Night of the Hunter. The preacher's real intentions are the hate of the left hand, and he rationalizes his evil through the false facade of the love of the right hand. Even though he may appear good and holy to some people, throughout the novel, he still has evil motives towards virtually everyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In one of the preacher's dreams while he is in prison, he recalls an incident in which he rationalized an evil act by claiming it was God's will. After being solicited by a prostitute in Charleston, West Virginia, with the intention of killing her because of her â€Å"unholy† vocation, he takes her up to a room to murder her. Just as he is about to whip out the switchblade and fulfill his holy mission, he suddenly hears â€Å"God's† voice telling him not to bother because â€Å"there were too many of them.† At the moment when this revelation takes place, the woman of the night sees the preacher in the midst of taking out the knife, and she screa...

Thomas Jeff. Outline :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenora Spahn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9/22/00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson I. Thomas Jefferson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Born- April 13, 1743 in Shadwell, Va.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Died- July 4, 1826 II. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Educational- College of William and Mary (1760-1762), 5 year apprenticeship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   studying law under George Wythe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Occupational-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Began to practice law on his own: representing small scale planters from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   western countries involving land claims and titles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. House of Burgesses, elected 1768: Opposed all forms of Parliamentary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   taxation and supprted nonimportation resolutions against British trade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   regulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Committee of Correspondence, 1773: Served as a makeshift Central   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Government for colonies and advocated that colonies refuse to pay any duty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   leveled by Parliament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Virginia Convention in Richmond Virginia, 1775: Virginia, the largest colony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   decided towards liberty for America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. Continental Congress, 1776: Chosen to write the Declaration of Independance,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   telling reasons for fighting against England (aloing with Benjamin Franklin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Governor of Virginia, 1779: dealt with the lack of money, weaponry and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   soldiers during the end of the Revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. Virginia Delegate to Congress, 1783: Designed a new system of money for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Based on 10.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8. First Secretary of State, 1790: Under President Washington-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. In charge of post office, office for inventions and office of money   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Set rules for weights and measure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Established foreign relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9. Vice President under John Adams, (1796-1800): One of his only duties was to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   preside over the Senate- since there were no clear rules, wrote A Manuel of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parliamentary Practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   III. Terms Of Office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term (1801-1805) Wed. March 4, 1801, inaugurated 3rd president of the United   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term (1804-1809) IV. Prominent Issues of the Elections   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Since electors did not state which of the two candidates they prefer, there was no way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to decide which of the candidates should become President. Jefferson was elected in a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   second election held in the House of Representatives, and soon legislation was passed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that each person would vote for one candidate for president and one for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vice-president. V. Opponent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- John Adams, Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- Charles C. Pickney VI. Vice Presidents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- George Clinton VII. Political Party- Democratic-Republican VIII. Domestic Events   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Ohio enters the Union, 1803: Despite efforts from the Federalists, Ohio became the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   17th state on March 1, 1803.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Mabury vs. Madison, 1803: Jefferson failed to uphold the law by refusing to appoint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marbury as justice of the peace in the district of Columbia. Thomas Jeff. Outline :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenora Spahn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9/22/00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson I. Thomas Jefferson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Born- April 13, 1743 in Shadwell, Va.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Died- July 4, 1826 II. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Educational- College of William and Mary (1760-1762), 5 year apprenticeship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   studying law under George Wythe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Occupational-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Began to practice law on his own: representing small scale planters from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   western countries involving land claims and titles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. House of Burgesses, elected 1768: Opposed all forms of Parliamentary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   taxation and supprted nonimportation resolutions against British trade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   regulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Committee of Correspondence, 1773: Served as a makeshift Central   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Government for colonies and advocated that colonies refuse to pay any duty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   leveled by Parliament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Virginia Convention in Richmond Virginia, 1775: Virginia, the largest colony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   decided towards liberty for America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. Continental Congress, 1776: Chosen to write the Declaration of Independance,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   telling reasons for fighting against England (aloing with Benjamin Franklin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Governor of Virginia, 1779: dealt with the lack of money, weaponry and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   soldiers during the end of the Revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. Virginia Delegate to Congress, 1783: Designed a new system of money for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Based on 10.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8. First Secretary of State, 1790: Under President Washington-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. In charge of post office, office for inventions and office of money   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Set rules for weights and measure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Established foreign relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9. Vice President under John Adams, (1796-1800): One of his only duties was to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   preside over the Senate- since there were no clear rules, wrote A Manuel of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parliamentary Practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   III. Terms Of Office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term (1801-1805) Wed. March 4, 1801, inaugurated 3rd president of the United   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term (1804-1809) IV. Prominent Issues of the Elections   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Since electors did not state which of the two candidates they prefer, there was no way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to decide which of the candidates should become President. Jefferson was elected in a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   second election held in the House of Representatives, and soon legislation was passed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that each person would vote for one candidate for president and one for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vice-president. V. Opponent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- John Adams, Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- Charles C. Pickney VI. Vice Presidents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- George Clinton VII. Political Party- Democratic-Republican VIII. Domestic Events   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Ohio enters the Union, 1803: Despite efforts from the Federalists, Ohio became the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   17th state on March 1, 1803.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Mabury vs. Madison, 1803: Jefferson failed to uphold the law by refusing to appoint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marbury as justice of the peace in the district of Columbia.

Computerized Accounting System Essay

Background of the Study Every school is dedicated to the improvement of its quality of education. And one of it is by upgrading their school existing system for the convenience of both teachers and students. Though computers become very easy and convenient to use, there are still existing manual system among schools. Technology was endorse to us decades ago, and it’s still growing rapidly up until now and progressing more and more so we have no choice but to catch up to these seasonal change in the field of technological modernization so that we can make our school capable of competing other modernize schools. In high school, they always want to be one of the best schools in the region. And for that, they need the requirements to be strictly implemented into their schools so that students that were graduating in elementary will go to their school. For them to be aim these goals, this is where our system will be needed to raise the schools moral to the students that was enrolled and will choose the school to enrol for on the next years to come. Our study is concerned with the process of calculation and collection of student fees of Saint Louis High School of Balatoc. Computations of tuition fees are done manually that makes it risky because it causes some errors in calculation that sometimes leads to a double payment. As a result of the manual system, students tend to form a very long line before reaching the cashier to pay tuition fees. It’s really a pain in the head for the students because i felt that way too when I was at high school years before. Back to the study, Parents even come to school and complain on double payments because the computation is done manually and we are humans and we can’t afford to make some human errors sometimes. With these, we came up with a study, a computerized account receivable system. With the use of the computerized system, forming lines during payments will be lessened or even eliminated. It will help the student for not getting late on every examination period to their designated classes. It will also facilitate automatic and accurate computation of fees that take less time and effort compared to their existing manual computation system. Double payments will also be prevented and even eliminated because you will  just enter the keywords and the computer will do the rest. Above all, it will make your work faster and easier with ease and less overtime papers works.

B2B and B2C

In these harsh economic period, dealing with the ethical, legal, and regulatory concerns associated with B2B and B2C websites and the free flow of information is a main issue for both kinds of e-businesses. For both of these websites, there are security issues, site policies, applicable law, disclaimers of warranties and limitations, and conditions of use.In any type of business, whether it is traditional or e-business, ethics creates specific judgments regarding what is right or wrong, meaning, it makes assertions concerning what ought to be made or what ought not to be made. As all of us know, ethics is universal and is applied to anything that has relationships and interactions with individuals. Ethics is needed to steer business from harming and damaging the general public.   Moreover, ethics is likewise tied with legalities to help protect and secure its codes and principles. Consequently, ethics and legality works together to produce a peaceful environment in doing and transa cting businessAs compared with B2C’s websites, the audience and clients of B2B’s websites are not individual people since these individuals are members of a company. When conducting business you need to be aware who has authority, for example, for signing an NDA or placing an order on behalf of a company. Because the relationship is more extensive, every time you exchange information.Lately, concerns such as identity theft are rising for the reason that websites are not secured enough. Information and data has to be cautiously tracked and identified as confidential or general business or confidential when needed. Regarding ethics, the correct behavior of participants are characteristically described in regulatory codes formulated and implemented by commercial standard groups, trade associations, and the professions.Legal and ethical issues in B2b and B2c websites are very much alike, even though victims in B2B have more advantage when settling legal concerns given that procedures are extremely black and white. It is a fact that ethics is founded on universal values that do not alter if you are transacting business with an individual or with a company. The lone difference is that a B2B website has special rules and regulations if it concerns kids younger than 13 years of age. Moreover, due to the fact that B2B depends on the sharing of mutual information, ethics is very important. Not like consumers keeping business in B2C, in B2B, a victim does not have a great deal to do, just to ask for a third party’s assistance to solve their problems with B2c websites. Moreover, in B2B, it is easy to identify what took place and who is responsible and accountable for what happened in a B2B website.It is exceedingly significant from a legal B2B and B2C perspective to ensure that the written words and what is depicted regarding a company are factual.   Another important legal issue concerns intellectual property rights. Since concerns come up regardin g marketing ethics and the significance of understanding a business for Internet, there are probable areas and opportunities for disclosing trade secrets or intellectual property if appropriate B2B and B2C ethical behavior is not complied with.Meanwhile, in terms of legal and regulatory issues, B2B and B2C websites should see to it that they do not violate and commit copyright infringement, identity theft, identity fraud, and they do not patronize and tolerate consumer survey scams and hoaxes and advertising and keyword scams.Lastly, with the prevalence of PDA communication devices and new wireless web mail from cell phones, the Internet will be definitely touching and affecting more lives than ever before. Hence, privacy and security issues together with e-business ethical, legal and regulatory issues will become more widespread since it will become increasingly difficult to fathom who you can trust online; with all the illegal and unethical online e-business email scams, and Inter net marketing advertising frauds. #ReferencesFerrell, O.   â€Å"Introduction to Business Ethics Issues.†Ã‚   E-Ethics Center, Colorado State University, College of Business.Harris, L. and L. Spence.   â€Å"The Ethics of eBanking.†Ã‚   Journal of Electronic Commerce Research Vol. 3 #2, 2002.Warholic, J.   â€Å"Importance of Ethics on the Internet.†Ã‚   Professional web Services, Inc.